等高线图

Analysis and comparison of two contour smoothing methods in digital topographic mapping.

数字化测图中等高线平滑处理方式的比较与分析。

Based on the existing data of the Yangtze delta area, a preparatory simulative experiment have been done by the model on the sea-land change course in Yangtze delta area since l0000aBP, and a good simulative effect are obvious from the hypsometric paleotopographic map and 3D color shaded-relief map which exported from the model. That provides a visual scene to analyze and discuss the Yangtze delta evolution, coastline shifting, even the relationship between the ancient civilizations migration and environments.

利用海面—地面系统的模拟模型，对长江三角洲一万年以来的海面—地面变化过程进行了重构和反演，获得了一套该地区的古地貌和海陆关系演变图，它包括等高线、晕渲图、三维图等三种不同表现形式的地形图，为分析讨论长江三角洲地区地貌发育、岸线变迁乃至古代文明的迁徙和兴衰与环境的关系提供了很直观的场景。

The DTM for automatic-design of thruway was put forward by Prof. Miller in 1956. Since then , the DEM is used for design of various circuit diagram, and for account of area, cubage, gradient of various project, and for estimating visibility from point to point; for rendering contour, grade-graph, aspect-graph, solid model; for making orthographic image and repair map in the Topography; for assistant data to classify in the Remote Sensing; as basic data in the GIS, for analysis and layout actuality of using soil, for disaster prediction; for navigation, guiding missile in the military affairs.

美国麻省理工学院Miller教授为了高速公路的自动设计于1956年提出了数字地面模型的概念后，DEM被用于各种线路的设计及各种工程的面积、体积、坡度的计算，任意两点间可视性判断及绘制任意断面图；在测绘中被用于绘制等高线、坡度坡向图、立体透视图，制作正射影像图与地图的修测；在遥感中可作为分类的辅助数据；它是地理信息系统的基础数据，可用于土地利用现状的分析、合理规划及洪水险情预报等；在军事上可用于导航及导弹制导；在工业上可利用数字表面模型DSM或数字物体模型绘制出表面结构复杂的物体的形状[2]。

In order to extract area with slope angle larger than 45 degree, firstly, we have to build a DEM model with 20m resolution from contour line with 40m interval.

为了找出坡度大于45度的精确区域，我们首先根据40米间距的等高线创建了20米分辨率的DEM模型，然后使用栅格分析下的'坡度图'功能来获取每一栅格的坡度角。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。