等高线

Cartographic generalization has been one of key reasons to affect the development of GIS, contour generalization becomes the most complex task.

地图的自动综合已成为了影响GIS发展的关键原因之一，其中等高线的综合又是最复杂的任务。

Use VTK pipeline mechanisms conicoid mapping, and production of contour lines.

详细说明：使用VTK的管道机制实现二次曲面的绘制，并制作等高线。

Based on the existing data of the Yangtze delta area, a preparatory simulative experiment have been done by the model on the sea-land change course in Yangtze delta area since l0000aBP, and a good simulative effect are obvious from the hypsometric paleotopographic map and 3D color shaded-relief map which exported from the model. That provides a visual scene to analyze and discuss the Yangtze delta evolution, coastline shifting, even the relationship between the ancient civilizations migration and environments.

利用海面—地面系统的模拟模型，对长江三角洲一万年以来的海面—地面变化过程进行了重构和反演，获得了一套该地区的古地貌和海陆关系演变图，它包括等高线、晕渲图、三维图等三种不同表现形式的地形图，为分析讨论长江三角洲地区地貌发育、岸线变迁乃至古代文明的迁徙和兴衰与环境的关系提供了很直观的场景。

For the extraction of Morchella esculenta polysaccharide, the factors affected extraction at different stages were declared by response surface methodology with three factors and three levels according to Box-Benhnken theory for center united experiments.

针对羊肚菌多糖的提取，通过单因素实验，根据Box-Benhnken的中心组合实验设计原理，采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法，确定各工艺条件的影响因子，以羊肚菌多糖提取率为响应值作响应面和等高线图。

MethodsBy means of orthogonally rotational combination design, microwave extraction mathematical simulation model was concluded by the linear regression analysis.

响应面法是采用多元二次回归方程来拟合因素与响应值之间的函数关系，通过对函数响应面和等高线的分析，能够精确地研究各因子与响应值之间的关系，寻求最优工艺参数，解决多变量问题的一种统计方法［3］。

MethodsBy means of orthogonally rotational combination design, microwave extraction mathematical simulation model was concluded by the linear regression analysis. In order to obtain the optimum extraction of flavonoids, the regression equation of the relationship between the four factors were established.

方法通过二次回归正交旋转组合试验设计，得到了微波提取苦丁茶中黄酮的数学回归方程；利用模型的响应曲面图及等高线图，对影响微波提取苦丁茶黄酮提取率的关键因素及相互作用进行探讨，得到最佳提取工艺条件。

Contour planning with or without terracing is effective in conserving both soil and moisture.

顺等高线栽植，无论做或不做梯田对于保持水土都能有效。

The DTM for automatic-design of thruway was put forward by Prof. Miller in 1956. Since then , the DEM is used for design of various circuit diagram, and for account of area, cubage, gradient of various project, and for estimating visibility from point to point; for rendering contour, grade-graph, aspect-graph, solid model; for making orthographic image and repair map in the Topography; for assistant data to classify in the Remote Sensing; as basic data in the GIS, for analysis and layout actuality of using soil, for disaster prediction; for navigation, guiding missile in the military affairs.

美国麻省理工学院Miller教授为了高速公路的自动设计于1956年提出了数字地面模型的概念后，DEM被用于各种线路的设计及各种工程的面积、体积、坡度的计算，任意两点间可视性判断及绘制任意断面图；在测绘中被用于绘制等高线、坡度坡向图、立体透视图，制作正射影像图与地图的修测；在遥感中可作为分类的辅助数据；它是地理信息系统的基础数据，可用于土地利用现状的分析、合理规划及洪水险情预报等；在军事上可用于导航及导弹制导；在工业上可利用数字表面模型DSM或数字物体模型绘制出表面结构复杂的物体的形状[2]。

Based on the practical work of compiling scheme for water and soil protection, classification on soil pita and residue pita were made out. For soil pits, there were three categories: soil digging along contour line, soil digging at slope without striding over ridge, soil digging at slope bestriding ridge; and the residue pits were classified into four categories: low-lying, ditch, slope and flat pit.

根据我们编制水土保持方案的工作实践，对借土场和弃渣场分别进行了分类：借土场可分为沿等高线借土、不跨山脊坡面借土和跨山脊坡面借土三大类；弃渣可分为填洼弃渣、沟道弃渣、坡面弃渣和平地弃渣四大类。

The preference soil pit was contour line pit, the second choice was soil digging at slope bestriding ridge, and the last selection was soil digging at slope without striding over ridge. And the preference residue pit was low-lying, next was flat pit, and the last choice was ditch or slope pits.

提出了借土场和弃渣场的优先选择方法：借土方式应优先选择沿等高线借土，跨山脊坡面借土次之，最后考虑不跨山脊坡面借土；弃渣方式应优先选择填洼弃渣，平地弃渣次之，最后选择沟道弃渣或坡面弃渣。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。