等面积的

The static model of torsion joint is based on that of bending joint. The effects of structure parameters inside air pressure, initial angle, rube average radius, rube shell thickness on the turning angle are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the relationship between the angle of torsion joint and the inside air pressure is basically linear, the angle of torsion joint increases with the initial angle and rube average radius, the angle of torsion joint decreases while the rube shell thickness increases. The kinetic equation is built for torsion joint. Simulating experiment implies that the time of inflating and deflating process is extremely shorter than that of kinetic process. So the pneumatic process can be ignored in actual system design and control. The factors that affect the dynamic features of torsion joint, such as shell thickness of rubber tube, average radius, initial angle, connector's outlet area, moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient, are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the change of rube shell thickness has no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure while greatly affects the turning angle of torsion joint; when the rube shell thickness is small, the torsion joint has a bigger turning angle, no overshoot and long risetime, when the shell thickness is big, the turning angle of torsion joint is small, but has high response speed, overshoot and low shock; when the rube average radius increases, the turning angle of torsion joint increases and the overshoot increases too; when the initial angle of torsion joint is big, the turning joint is big, the overshoot is small and shock is low, but the risetime is big; the connector's outlet area affects the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure greatly, but has no effects on the dynamic process of turning angle; moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient have no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure, but affect the dynamic process of turning angle greatly.

在弯曲关节模型推导的基础上，建立扭转关节的静态模型，并分析了扭转关节内腔压力，初始转角，橡胶管平均半径，橡胶管壁厚等参数对关节转角的影响，得出扭转关节的转动角度与充入FPA内腔的压缩气体压力之间基本呈线性关系，扭转关节的转角随初始角度和橡胶管平均半径的增大而增大，扭转关节的转角随橡胶管壁厚的增大而减小的结论；建立了扭转关节的动力学方程，仿真实验表明FPA的充放气过程与扭转关节的动力学过程相比时间极短，在实际系统设计和控制过程中可以忽略不计；分析讨论橡胶管壁厚，平均半径，初始角度，气体节流口面积，转动惯量，粘性阻尼系数等因素对扭转关节动态特性的影响，得出橡胶管初始壁厚的变化对扭转关节FPA内腔压力的动态响应几乎没有影响而对关节转角的响应曲线影响比较明显，壁厚较小时，关节可以得到较大的转角，并且转角的响应曲线没有超调，但上升时间长，壁厚较大时，关节转角变小，响应加快，但是有超调和轻微振荡现象，橡胶管平均半径越大，得到的关节转角越大，但是转角响应的超调量也随之增大，FPA的初始角度越大，关节的转角越大，并且超调量减小，振荡减弱，但是上升时间增大，管接头出口面积的大小对关节FPA内腔压力的建立过程影响较大，但对关节转角的动态响应几乎没有影响，转动惯量和粘性阻尼系数对FPA内腔压力的动态过程几乎没有影响而对扭转关节转角有较大影响等结论。

This article focuses on the line-line, line-region and region-region topological relations algorithm, which come down to the same question: whether there are intersections between line and line. The sweep-line algorithm was studied by many people, but has some deficiencies to be improved, in order to handle some special cases and increase program efficiency. My works as follows: rectangular envelope to reduce executive times , vector cross multiplication to determine intersection between line and line, coordinates and slope method to deal with some special cases. C program examples are showed together.(5) Finally, to prove capability and efficiency of the model and calculation method, some test systems are developed. For example, complex spatial topological relation query, parcels' exact area with the area of linear object reduced in land use, quality inspection to cadastral data according to topological rule, spatio-temporal change query of cadastral data.

将线线、线面、面面之间的拓扑关系实现的算法归结为线与线之间求交的基本问题；为处理一些特殊的拓扑关系情况，提高扫描线算法的效率，探讨了包络矩形粗滤、判断线线是否相交的矢量叉乘法、线节点重合或共线的斜率坐标判断法等改进方法；同时还设计了一种新的节点微小圆求交的算法，可应用于图斑与线状地物细分拓扑关系及地类面积的计算；（5）本文设计了实验系统，包括复杂对象的拓扑关系表达与计算程序、图斑地类面积的计算程序、基于空间拓扑关系规则的地籍数据库质量检查功能，以及时空拓扑关系和变化语义分析等原型，验证了拓扑关系表达模型和计算方法的可行性和实用性。

For regular topology surface, intermediate surface local texture mapping are used; for irregular topology surface, subdivision surface local texture mapping are used. So different topology surface using different texture mapping methods can solve the contradiction between texture effect and processing speed when they are dealt with by single method. The three judge conditions of texture distortion in the process of mapping onto the sphere surface are discussed and the exiting algorithms of mapping are analyzed, the new algorithms of mapping onto the sphere surface are presented. In order to enhance the realistic of graphics, a new function of wood texture is presented. OpenGL is also introduced in this papers and some realization examples of texture mapping based on OpenGL under the environment of VC++ and POV-RAY are presented in some chapters.

对于简单拓扑表面，利用改进的两步纹理映射，对于复杂拓扑表面利用新的面片分割算法，初步解决了颜色纹理中速度与走样之间的矛盾；通过对球面纹理时纹理不变形的三个判断条件的研究，分析了现在各种球面纹理映射算法，并在此基础上提出了一种基于等面积的半球面纹理映射算法，明显减少了球面纹理的纹理变形；针对现有的木纹纹理中，两种表示木纹的颜色差距表现出的颜色突变问题进行研究，提出对这两种颜色进行线性插值或二次插值，使生成的木纹纹理颜色更加连续，更加逼真；在VC++环境下，通过调用Open GL的图形库及在Pov-Ray软件环境下，实现了参数化纹理、球面纹理、凹凸纹理及木纹纹理等各种算法。

Finish to design the micro CNC, I have to investigate the adaptable parameters for cutting. This paper had calculated tool's radius, spindle's rotational speed, radial depth, and feed speed by the instantaneous cutting areas of the cutting forces model. To find out the instantaneous cutting areas by mathematica which can calculate the tangential, radial and axial component of cutting forces during cutting.

设计完微型工具机后，接著探讨最佳的切削参数，本论文采用瞬时投影面积的数学模型，且推导出利用刀具半径、主轴转速、径向切深、进给速度等参数来做为瞬时切削投影面积的函数，并使用软体mathematica算出瞬间面积大小，预测出切削过程里所产生的切线切削力、径向切削力和轴向切削力。

In this thesis, bathymetric maps in 1958, 1980 and 2004, and ArcGIS software and Digital Elevation Model were employed to examine the spatial distribution and temporal variation of coastal wetla...

本文根据不同时期的长江口-杭州湾地形图，采用GIS、数字高程模型等，得出长江口-杭州湾北岸滩涂在1958年、1980年和2004年的分布状况[0m，2m，5m等深线以上的滩涂面积及其空间分布]，分析滩涂面积的变化及其与长江来沙和围垦等的关系，最后尝试对今后10-20年滩涂的冲淤趋势做出预测。

Jilin Province has various types of wetlands, which are widely distributed and are large in area, mainly including Xianghai wetland, Momoge wetland, Chagan Lake wetland, etc., and the wetlands have an area of 1,752,000 hectares, accounting for 9.35% of the land area.

吉林省湿地类型多、分布广、面积大，主要有向海湿地、莫莫格湿地、查干湖湿地等，湿地面积为175.2万公顷，占土地面积的9.35%。

a studies of the drought-resistant identification on nine types(18 maize varieties) in condition of simulated drought stress were tested though 3 agronomical indexes such as relative germination frequency, root dry weight, leaf water content, the subordinate fuzzy function was used to evaluate compressively the drought resistance of the eighteen maize varieties.

玉米是我国三大粮食品种之一，每年种植面积达到2500万公顷左右，主要分布在东北、华北及西南、西北等一部分地区，而我国干旱、半干旱地区（包括华北、西北、内蒙古和青藏高原等地区）主要分布在这一带，约占全国土地面积的二人之一[1]。因此，对玉米抗旱性研究是提高其产量的一个行之有效的途径。

The flowfield and performance of a centrifugal compressor was predicted and analysed, which was composed of a Krain's impeller and two types of vaneless diffuser specially: one was constant area vaneless diffuser and the other was the straight-wall. The results show that the efficiency of the straight-wall vaneless diffuser is obviously lower than that of the constant area, and a separate flow occurs nearby the exit of the centrifugal impeller with the straight-wall diffuser. However, the type of vaneless diffuser has little influence on the aerodynamics performance of the centrifugal impeller. Finally, it is suggested that the constant-area vaneless diffuser should be selected as the downstream extended area of the centrifugal impeller during the prediction for the centrifugal impeller.

对Krain叶轮后带等面积与直壁两种形式的无叶扩压器离心压缩机内部流场进行了计算与分析，结果表明：直壁型无叶扩压器离心压缩机的效率低于等面积无叶扩压器离心压缩机的效率；直壁型无叶扩压器使得叶轮出口的流动出现分离；扩压器的形式对离心叶轮的整体气动性能影响并不大；在进行离心叶轮数值研究时，叶轮后的延伸区最好采用等面积无叶扩压器，以尽量减小无叶扩压器所引起的计算误差。

Area of Grassland refers to areas of grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass.

草地面积指牧区和农区用于放牧牲畜或割草，植被盖度在5%以上的草原、草坡、草山等面积。

It has the highest purification sewage rate, the peat coal water retention property is good and so on the characteristic, is the precious ecology and the traveling resources, Yunnan province wetland area reaches as high as 259153.7 hectares, Yunnan has established the rivers, the lake, the bog of the same kind 16 wetlands nature protection area successively, the wetland protectorate type and the area all occupies the national front row.

它具有净化污水率高、泥炭持水性良好等特点，是宝贵的生态和旅游资源，云南全省湿地面积高达259153.7公顷，先后建立了河流、湖泊、沼泽等类型的16个湿地自然保护区，湿地保护区类型和面积都居全国前列。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。