等级制度

Appellate systems fall into the styles,"appeals","revision",and"cassation".They are formed by different histories and traditions.But theconvergent development of appellate systems forms the identical three levelsjudicial hierarchy,or,judicial pyramid.The functions and authorities ofappellate courts and the supreme court are distributed based on theconstructive technical of pyramid.

基于传统原因形成的复审程序模式被大致分为"上诉制"、"更审制"和"撤销制"，但源头各异的复审制度趋同发展的结果形成了当代典型的三审终审的金字塔式的司法制度结构或司法等级制，并按照金字塔结构的工程技术原理配置两级复审程序之间功能。

Different distribution of power affects the performance of the internal control. Institution regulates the means to manage the labor, finance and matter so as to restrict the leaders over-use the power and ensure the enterprise in the right direction. Both power and institution have the character of rigidity. If the leader only paid attention to these two levels, the organization would appear the situation full of tediousness and rigidity. Therefore, in the process of development, the Non-state-run enterprise forms another character: flexible management. Through the flexible means, the Non-state-run enterprise avoid the tendency of doctrinairism and reduce the cost of rigidity, which ensures the validity of internal control.

权力决定了领导者与被领导者的等级关系，形成控制主体与控制对象之间的支配与被支配格局，不同的权力分配模式影响着内控制度贯彻执行的效果；制度以规范管理为目标，规定企业关于人、事、财、物等的管理原则、作业程序和控制办法，是制约独断专行、引导企业步入正轨的法则，制度的完善及有效与否关系到民营企业的成败；权力和制度具有高文本性特征，难免被生搬硬套，造成刚性管理，出现控制过严过死的情况，束缚了员工积极性和创造性的发挥，导致组织僵化和效率损失，因此民营企业在发展过程中伴随着另外一大特点，就是柔性管理，通过灵活变通的方法，避免了教条主义管理倾向，化解集权和制度的刚性成本，运用多种柔性化的管理方式向无为而治的内控最高境界迈进。

The current practice of household registration system in China carries on its traditional one by its character integrated with class,hereditary,social security and census.

我国现行户籍制度继承了传统户籍制度的等级性、世袭性，以及社会治安与人口统计合一性的某些制度的内核特征。

The fate of the Hindoo law is, in fact, the measure of the value of the Roman code.

又如等级的划分是在社会史上特定紧急关头为保持民族生存所必需的，但逐渐退化而成为所有人类一切制度中最不幸的和最有损害的制度——"族籍制度"。

The loan risk must be prevented in every each of loan examining system: at acceptation stage, systems of evaluation of enterprise\s credit grade and region loan risk grade need to be established, and at evaluation stage, quantitative analysis of loan risk is needed, and the risk needs to be transferred of dispersed via sponsion and do on. The present loan risk can be dissolved via loan increment.

风险防范需从贷款审批制度的各个环节抓起；受理阶段要建立企业信用等级和地区行业贷款风险等级评估制度，评审阶段要定量分析贷款风险，通过担保等转移和分散风险；现有贷款风险通过增量贷款等方式化解。

One is a hierarchy of endogamous status groups –castes - constituted by rules of propriety and a division of labour among castes, a hierarchy from the lowest to the highest, the most polluted to the purest, in which aspiration to rise in the hierarchy can be realised by caste, or sub-caste mobility, through domination converted into caste, or by acquiring higher caste accomplishment and changing or disguising one's natal status.

一个是族内婚姻群体阶序——种姓制度——各种姓间要遵循等级适当原则和劳动等级分工。该阶序从最底等级到最高等级，最污浊等级到最纯洁等级。在该阶序中，等级上升的愿望可以通过种姓或亚种姓的改变而实现。改变种姓或亚种姓的方法有通过正式的皈依进入种姓，或者取得较高种姓的成就，以及改变或隐瞒其天生的等级地位。

The compensation system of first-line workers of state-own coal enterprise was redesigned under the direction of compens

结合相关薪酬理论，对国有煤炭企业一线员工的薪酬体系进行了全新设计，构建了由基本薪酬、效率薪酬、安全薪酬及福利薪酬四大部分组成的以激励为导向的&绩效薪酬体系&，详细论述了各大组成部分的设计方法和设计步骤：综合考虑企业生存状况和社会收入状况，采用以劳动定额和社会平均收入相互平衡的方法，设计出一线员工的基本薪酬模块；提出了用专家评议法确定施工难度等级指标体系的相关权重、用综合模糊评价法来确定作业难度等级、把团队人力资源要素与作业区域的施工难度状况紧密结合起来测算团队业绩，构建出体现团队业绩和贡献的效率薪酬模块；构建了以&安全抵押&制度为核心，以月度安全收入、季度安全收入、年度安全收入为框架，形成了短期、中期与长期安全收入相结合的安全薪酬模块；结合国有煤炭企业一线员工来源复杂、身份复杂、需求不同的现状，采用了员工参与性和自决性极强的&自助式&福利薪酬模式。

At that moment Boris saw distinctly what he had had an inkling of before, that is, that quite apart from that subordination and discipline, which is written down in the drill-book, and recognised in the regiment and known to him, there was in the army another and more actual subordination, that which made this rigid, purple-faced general wait respectfully while Prince Andrey―of captain's rank―found it more in accordance with his pleasure to talk to Lieutenant Drubetskoy.

这时候鲍里斯已经明白，他从前所预见的正是这种情形：除开操典中明文规定、兵团中人人熟悉他也熟悉的等级服从制度和纪律而外，军队中还有另外一种更为实际的等级服从制度，这种制度能够迫使这个束紧腰带、面露紫色的将军恭敬地等候，而骑兵上尉安德烈公爵认为他可任意同准尉德鲁别茨科伊畅谈一番。

I have no satisfactory explanation for all this, but I think it may have something to do with India's much-reviled caste system.

对这些问题，我没有令人满意的解释，但是我认为这或许和印度饱受谴责的社会等级制度体系有关。

The opposition and urban elites benefit from the social and economic hierarchy the Maoists say they want to change.

反对派和城市精英们受益于原先的社会经济等级制度，而这正是毛派宣称要改变的。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失