等时性的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

This is, for China and other multiracial countries, very positive and may give some solutions for the future. In the introduction there is an explanation of the reason why I choose this title and also the questions about Switzerland in the field of present research and the meaning of those researches. The first part describes the formation of the community of Switzerland, and there I define the word "community" and the peculiarity of each member of this community, the time the Swiss people take to build this community. The second part describes this formation with more details like geographical problem, language differences, the psychological pugnacity for liberty, the practical art of neutrality and the freedom for religious behavior. Those themes prove the formation of the Swiss community. The third part contains the following topics: the international position of Switzerland and its stability, the balance of economic production, the foundation of the Swiss government and the charm of its feature. For those topics I use the economic, political and cultural angle.

全文分为瑞士多民族社会的形成，在这一部分中重点介绍了民族和民族共同体的界定，瑞士各民族的地理分布及主要特征，瑞士民族共同体形成的历史时间断限，在这一部分中特别提出了民族共同体的概念，为全文的行文打下一个概念基础；在瑞士民族共同体形成的表现部分中，共分为语言和地域差别问题的消弭，崇尚独立自由的心理素质的确立，中立外交政策的奉行，宗教多元化的制衡等几个小的部分，四个部分平衡并立，共同来论证瑞士民族共同体的表现；在瑞士民族共同体诞生的原因中，共分为以下几个部分，有瑞士特殊的国际地位与多民族社会的稳定，平衡发达的经济及其吸引力，多元政治体制的建构和灿烂文化和性格的魅力，也就是从政治、经济和文化三个角度对这个问题进行了阐述；在现代瑞士多民族社会问题部分中，有如下几个部分瑞士的外来人口在瑞士国家的生活状况，外来人口融合中的困难，以及瑞士民族共同体中其他的一些社会问题，主要探讨的是瑞士社会中的外国人的生活状况，以及在融合和同化的过程中的成功经验以及给整个瑞士社会带来的几个突出的社会问题；最后是对现代瑞士多民族社会问题的思考，也就是从和睦性，认同感以及民族平等政策三个角度中进行的分析。

A non-singular single integral mathematical model is adopted to calculate the external intermittent and alternative longitudinal magnetic field acquired by single axisymmetrical and cylindrical hollow coil t which is coaxial to electrode and excitated by a revisable pulsed current of square wave t in austenitic stainless steel GTA welding.

针对奥氏体不锈钢外加纵向磁场的气体保护钨极电弧焊接时，与电极同轴的单个轴对称空心圆柱线圈在双向脉冲矩形励磁电流作用下产生的间歇交变纵向磁场，采用无暇点单积分磁场的数学模型，对＊TAW焊接外加间歇交变纵向磁场进行了数值计算，该方法具有模型简单、计算速度快和精度高等优点并讨论了该间隙交变纵向磁场的分布、磁场的均匀性及其纵向分量与径向分量的比率等规律及其对焊接行为的影响，认为横磁分量将削弱GTAW外加纵向磁场的有利作用，影响磁控电弧的焊接质量

The essence of EDID is to set up a normal behavior fuzzy sub collection A on the basis of watching the normal system transfer of the privilege process, and set up a fuzzy sub collection B with real time transfer array, then detect with the principle of minimum distance in fuzzy discernmethodThe innovation point of this paper is : Put forward the method of EDID, can not only reduce efficiently false positive rate and false negative rate, also make real time intrusion detection to become possibility; have independent and complete character database, according to the classification of monitoring program, design normal behavior and anomaly behavior etc., have raised the strongness of IDS; Use tree type structure to preservation the character database, have saved greatly stock space; in detection invade , carry out frequency prior principle, prior analysis and handling the behavior feature of high frequency in information table, have raised efficiency and the speed of detection, make real time intrusion detection to become possibility; have at the same time realized anomaly intrusion detection and misuse intrusion detection, have remedied deficiency of unitary detection method.

本文的创新点是：通过对特权进程的系统调用及参数序列的研究，提出了基于Euclidean距离的入侵检测方法EDID，不仅能有效降低漏报率和误报率，而且使实时入侵检测成为可能；设计有独立而完整的特征数据库，根据被监控程序的类别，分别设计正常行为、异常行为等，提高了检测系统的强健性和可伸缩性；特征数据库按树型结构存储，大大节省了存储空间；在检测入侵时，实行频度优先原则，优先分析和处理信息表中的高频度行为特征，提高检测的速度和效率，使实时入侵检测成为可能；同时实现了异常入侵检测和误用入侵检测，弥补了单一检测方法的不足。

In the third chapter,We study some geometric properties and spectral propertiesof the Jacobi operator on a solvable extension G of Heisenberg groups H.In the firstsection,we give the definition of G and some fundamental geometric properties on G.Inthe second section,we discuss the Integrability of certain subbundles and the geometricstructure of the induced foliations in case of integrability.In the third section,we studythe spectral properties of the Jacobi operator of G.

可解李群与类对称空间亦密切相关，Damcek-Ricci空间即是广义Heisenberg的一可解扩张李群，在第三章中，我们构造且研究了Heisenberg群的一可解扩张李群G的几何性质，第一节讨论了G的曲率，李指数映射，整体坐标等基本几何性质；第二章研究了TG的某些子丛的可积性及可积时诱导叶片的几何结构；第三节给出了G的Jacobi算子的特征值和相应的特征子空间。

At last, by analyzing the similarities and differences of legislation and judicature systems concerned of foreign country, the article discusses some good defense countermeasure that we should adopt by drawing lessons from the foreign country. Later it analyses providing concerned about criminal law, civil law, maritime law which are related to crime of cheat on L/C and points out the defects our legal system. Following that, it puts forward concrete proposal of legislation and judicature on proposal of legislation and judicature on improving legal system and taking strong measures against the behavior of crime of cheat on L/C. At last the article discusses the way to solve the self梥aving measures that every party should adopt and the concrete measurers that international organization uses to defense against cheat of L/C.

通过对西方国家有关信用证欺诈及其犯罪的立法、司法制度的比较分析，论述我国应该借鉴外国一些有益的防治措施，对我国的刑法、民法、海商法等涉及信用证欺诈的相关规定进行剖析，指出我国信用证欺诈方面法制的不健全之处，对完善我国信用证欺诈的法律体系与打击信用证欺诈犯罪行为提出具体的立法、司法建议；同时探讨信用证欺诈在法律冲突时的解决办法以及各方当事人应该采取的自力性救济措施和国际组织在防治信用证欺诈方面的具体措施。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。