等位基因现象

"Epistasis:an interaction between nonallelic gene s, especially an interaction in which one gene suppresses the expression of another."

异位显性：非等位基因的相互作用，尤其是一个基因对另一个基因所表现的显性现象。

"Epistasis:an interaction between nonallelic genes, especially an interaction in which one gene suppress es the expression of another."

异位显性：非等位基因的相互作用，尤其是一个基因对另一个基因所表现的显性现象。

It was found that the polymorphism existed not only at the allele level but also at the locus level;many alleles of the microsatellite loci and some of the microsatellite loci had been lost during the process of artificial gynogenesis.

该实验结果还发现不仅草鱼的微卫星位点上存在等位基因的多态性，而且微卫星位点本身也存在多态性；在人工诱导草鱼雌核发育的过程中不仅存在微卫星等位基因快速丢失的现象，而且也存在微卫星位点丢失的现象。

No fragments were amplified from some loci of EST-SSRs, which may suggest the loss of these loci in mirror carp genome or sequence divergence at the primer binding sites. These null alleles may result from selection because functional genes are under more selection pressure than non-encoding loci. Overall, population genetic variation is high for each of the five mirror carp, and the differentiations are also significant among populations.

3在与功能基因相关的多个微卫星基因座位上，扩增产物呈现不同程度的缺失现象，这些无效等位基因的产生可能与结构基因在育种中受到人工选择的影响较大有关。

Asymmetric over-introgression of the indica alleles on chromosome 7 and many specific regions on other chromosomes in the japonica genetic background is consistent with the general trend observed in the RIL and F_2 populations of the same cross, suggesting a high genetic load in the japonica gene pool, and japonica genome experienced a very severe bottleneck by artificial domestication.2 Genetic background effect on QTL expression of grain weight and its related traitsGenetic background effect on main-effect QTL and digenic epistatic QTL mapping for GWT and its related traits including GL, GW and GT was dissected by a large set of reciprocal introgression lines and recombinant inbred lines derived from Lemont and Teqing in Beijing environment.

籼粳相互导入具有不对称性，粳稻向籼稻背景的平均导入频率与期望值相仿，相反籼稻向粳稻背景的平均导入频率大大高于理论预期，位于第7染色体和一些其它染色体的特殊区段存在籼稻等位基因的超导入现象，在来自相同亲本的重组自交系和F_2群体中也观察到同样的导入趋势，表明粳稻基因组具有较大的遗传负荷，粳稻品种在人工驯化过程中曾经历过一个非常剧烈的遗传瓶颈。2水稻籽粒相关性状的主效和互作QTL表达的遗传背景效应利用Lemont和特青培育的双向导入系和重组自交系群体，在北京环境下定位影响千粒重及其相关性状如粒长、粒宽和粒厚的主效和互作QTL，分别在特青背景导入系、Lemont背景导入系和重组自交系下检测到影响千粒重及其相关性状的主效QTL分别为33个、27个和13个，互作QTL分别为4个、8个和23个，其中仅有6个主效QTL(QGwt5，QGl1，QGl3b，QGl4，QGw7和QGw8)在籼粳两个不同背景下共同表达，3个主效QTL(QGwt5，QGwt7a和QGt5)在导入系和重组自交系中共同表达，分别占检测到影响这些性状QTL总数的11.1%和4.3%，未检测到在3个背景下相同表达的互作QTL。

Allelic loss at specific chromosomal loci is a common genetic alteration in human tumours and is thought to be critical for unmasking the recessive genetic changes for tumorigenesis.

人类食管癌的基因丢失研究染色体上座位特异性等位基因丢失是人类肿瘤基因组中一个普遍的遗传改变现象。

Cis-trans effect The phenomenon resulting from recombination within a gene, in which a mutation is only expressed in the phenotype if the mutant pseudoalleles are on different homologous chromosomes.

顺反效应：如果在同源染色体上假等位基因是不同的，变异仅仅在表现型中表达的基因内重组现象。

The crossover operation in the traditional GA operating is that choose two chromosome cross only at random also you can cross a bit, match and cross partly, cross order and cross cycle etc.

传统GA算法中的交叉操作，是随机选取两个染色体进行单点交叉(也可以多点交叉、部分匹配交叉、顺序交叉和周期交叉等等)，但是不管是采用何种交叉操作，新的子代染色体某一基因位上的值都是由两个父代染色体中相应基因位值经过一定交叉运算(直接交换或经算术运算等)所得到的，采用这种交叉算子操作使群体经过多次迭代后群体中的个体开始出现极大的相似性，因此照此下去就会出现早期收敛现象，使得算法的收敛速度非常慢甚至只能求到问题的局部最优解。

The crossover operation in the traditional GA operating is that choose two chromosome cross only at random also you can cross a bit, match and cross partly, cross order and cross cycle etc.

传统GA算法中的交*操作，是随机选取两个染色体进行单点交*(也可以多点交*、部分匹配交*、顺序交*和周期交*等等)，但是不管是采用何种交*操作，新的子代染色体某一基因位上的值都是由两个父代染色体中相应基因位值经过一定交*运算(直接交换或经算术运算等)所得到的，采用这种交*算子操作使群体经过多次迭代后群体中的个体开始出现极大的相似性，因此照此下去就会出现早期收敛现象，使得算法的收敛速度非常慢甚至只能求到问题的局部最优解。

The sexual reproduction was controlled by the incompatibility factors The advances of researches on the mating characteristics, the composition and multiple alleles of incompatibility factors were summarized.

对不亲和性因子的交配特性，不亲和性因子的构成，不亲和性因子的复等位基因现象等的研究进展进行了综述，并提出了不亲和性因子的研究前

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。