等价的

Then we define the stable distribution with four equivalent ways and analyze its properties carefully. To study the stable distribution, we must know how to simulate its random variables. We can learn it intuitively by watching its plot of density function.By adding an auxiliary variable in the Chapter 4, we estimate the four parameters using Gibbs sampler.

接着给出了稳定分布的四种等价定义方法，详细的分析了稳定分布的性质，提出如何利用简单随机数产生稳定分布的随机变量以便我们进行分析研究，借助稳定分布近似密度函数的图形我们对它的特征会有更加直观的认识。

We first state general linear model, ridge-type estimator and general ridge-type estimator, and the constraint biased estimator. And then, we introduce some basic theory about matrix and some conclusion about the admissibility of estimator in Gauss-Markov model. In the third chapter, we discussion several equivalent characterization of the best linear unbiased estimation, we proved that admissible characterization of admissible of linear estimation is as conditional general ridge-type estimation in general linear model. A necessary and sufficient condition that homogeneous linear estimator is admissible estimator is obtained.

本文首先概述了一般线性模型，岭估计及约束岭估计的发展历史和研究现状，在第二章介绍了矩阵的一些基本知识和可容许性的一些基本结论，第三章讨论了一般线性模型最佳线性无偏估计的几个等价条件，以及线性估计的可容许性特征，得到了一般线性模型的可容许线性估计均具有条件广义岭估计的形式，给出了一个齐次线性估计为可容许估计的充分必要条件。

The characteristic exponent based on a probabilistic dynamical system is calculated, which provides some useful information on unstable periodic orbits of the chaotic economic dynamical system. An effective controlling parameter is chosen by discussing the sign of the characteristic exponent. Furthermore, the control regions of the parameter variable are proposed. Therefore the controllable domain of chaos in the chaotic economic model can be obtained.

提出一种等价关系，计算基于概率的动力系统的特征指数，给出混沌经济动力系统的不稳定周期轨道的有用信息，通过讨论特征指数的符号，选择有效的控制参数，得到相应的控制参数取值范围，从而得到混沌经济模型中的参数变量的混沌控制域。

These problems include the selfadjointness of the coefficient matrix operator, the functional of the matrix operator equation, the equivalence between variational problem and boundary value problem of eddy-current fields, and the extreme value principle of the functional.

本文首先从求解时谐涡流场的〓-ψ法与〓-Ω法的矩阵算子方程出发，提出了时谐涡流场的统一矩阵算子方程，进而系统地讨论了该方程的系数矩阵算子的自伴性、矩阵算子方程的泛函、涡流场边值问题与对应变分问题的等价性以及泛函的极值原理。

Soc _RR is a injective left R-module.(4) Soc _RR is a left self-injective ring.|Theorem 4.2.9 Let R be a commutative notherian ring, then the following are equivalent:(1) R is a FS-ring.(2) R is a PS-ring.(3) Every minimal ideal of R is injective.(4) Every minimal ideal of R is p-injective.

定理4.2.9若R是交换的Noethe(来源：Aae0eBe0C论文网www.abclunwen.com)r环，则以下条件等价：R是FS-环；R是PS-环；R的每个极小理想都是内射的；R的每个极小理想都是p-内射的；R是IS-环；R的每个极小理想都是投射的；R的每个极小理想都是平坦的。

Zadeh put forward, make MTL-algebra"s filter conception fuzzified, provide the conceptions and properties of fuzzy filter, obtain the structure of all fuzzy, filters, prove that the set of all fuzzy filters forms a complete distribution lattice; Provide several fuzzy Boolean filter"s equivalent forms, introduce fuzzy positive implicative filter, fuzzy obstinate filter and fuzzy ultra filter, discuss some property characteristics and terms that transform each other under certain terms to obtain them.

Zadeh提出的模糊集思想使MTL-代数的滤子概念模糊化，给出了Fuzzy滤子的概念和性质，得到了全体Fuzzy滤子的结构，证明了全体Fuzzy滤子之集构成完备的分配格；给出了Fuzzy布尔滤子的若干等价形式，并且引入了Fuzzy正蕴涵滤子，Fuzzy固执滤子和Fuzzy超滤的概念，得出了它们的一些性质特征以及在一定条件下之间相互转化的条件。

The author uses I-fuzzy quasi-coincident neighborhood system to introduce the concepts of I-fuzzy first countability and I-fuzzy second countability, and proves the degree to second countability in each of I-fuzzy topological space must be less than that to first countability, and gives the equivalent characterations about the continuity of function by convergence of sequences in first countable I-fuzzy topological spaces.

作者利用方进明在[4]中提出的I-fuzzy重域系引入了I-fuzzy拓扑空间的第一可数性和第二可数性的概念，证明了一个I-fuzzy拓扑空间空间是第二可数的I-fuzzy拓扑空间的程度一定小于它是第一可数的I-fuzzy拓扑空间的程度，并且在第一可数的I-fuzzy拓扑空间中对映射的连续性进行了等价刻画。

Draw lessons from increment type observation implement with PI condition observation implement research achievement, combine heat to dominate a field complex control system designs bunchy form normally the actual condition of regulating system, offer observation of function of PI of increment style broad sense implement and the concept that its condition feedbacks, the tectonic regulating system that cluster form and observation implement feedback of shirt-sleeve broad sense condition controls a system, learn an analysis through number, give out the sufficient condition of IFO-PIO/BS reachs his corresponding theorem and deductive proof, announce give this to controlled systematic equivalence to be had at IFO-PIO/BS change the function that gain condition feedbacks.

借鉴增量式观测器和PI状态观测器的探究成果，并结合热控领域复杂控制系统通常设计成串级调节系统的实际情况，提出增量式广义PI函数观测器及其状态反馈的概念，构造串级调节系统和观测器相融合的广义状态反馈控制系统，通过数学分析，给出IFO-PIO/BS的充分条件及其相应定理和推论的证实，揭示出该控制系统等价于IFO-PIO/BS具有了变增益状态反馈的功能。

In Chapter two, a pioneers growth condition is weakened about analytic Dirichlet series, and an equivalent condition about regular growth in the whole plane is obtained.

第二章减弱了前人提出的关于解析Dirichlet级数的增长性的条件，给出了整Dirichlet级数的正规增长性的等价条件，同时还讨论了有限ρ级Dirichlet级数准确级的增长性和正规增长性，得到了更好的结果。

Weak. Then the relations among rank-weak maps, independent set-reflected maps and closed set-reflected are studied. The isomorphism between matroids is characterized by these new maps, which shows that both weak map and rank-weak map are appropriate morphisms for matroids.

讨论了秩弱映射、反射独立集的映射以及反射闭集的映射之间的关系，利用这些映射给出了拟阵同构的等价刻画，说明了弱映射和秩弱映射也是合适的拟阵态射。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失