等价的

The admissible input of 2-D linear discrete singular general model is discussed more deeply, some very effective new criteria for the 2-D singular general model to accept all the input sequence have been developed, and a new algorithm that determines the admissible input sequence of the 2-D singular systems has been proposed.

在线性广义2-D系统可解性方面，首先研究了线性广义2-D连续—离散系统的可解性问题，给出了可解的条件，并给出了等价的判别条件；其次深入研究了线性广义2-D离散系统的允许输入序列问题，给出了系统接受所在区域上的所有输入的新的非常有效的判别方法以及确定系统允许输入序列的新的方法。

For the Riemann boundary value problems for the first order elliptic systems , we translates them to equivalent singular integral equations and proves the existence of the solution to the discussed problems under some assumptions by means of generalized analytic function theory , singular integral equation theory , contract principle or generaliezed contract principle ; For the Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problems for the first order elliptic systems , we proves the problems solvable under some assumptions by means of generalized analytic function theory , Cauchy integral formula , function theoretic approaches and fixed point theorem ; the boundary element method for the Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problems for the generalized analytic function , we obtains the boundary integral equations by means of the generalized Cauchy integral formula of the generalized analytic function , introducing Cauchy principal value integration , dispersing the boundary of the area , and we obtains the solution to the problems using the boundary conditions .

对于一阶椭圆型方程组的Riemann边值问题，是通过把它们转化为与原问题等价的奇异积分方程，利用广义解析函数理论、奇异积分方程理论、压缩原理或广义压缩原理，证明在某些假设条件下所讨论问题的解的存在性；对于一阶椭圆型方程组的Riemann-Hilbert边值问题，利用广义解析函数理论、Cauchy积分公式、函数论方法和不动点原理，证明在某些假设条件下所讨论问题的可解性；广义解析函数的Riemann-Hilbert边值问题的边界元方法是利用广义解析函数的广义Cauchy积分公式，引入Cauchy主值积分，通过对区域边界的离散化，得到边界积分方程，再利用边界条件得到问题的解。

The invention also discloses a relative report sender, which comprises inquirer for inquiring said disperse equivalent chain group; a controller for generating sending command to the sender when there is the disperse equivalent chain group; a sender for sending LSA refresh report at the main disperse chain.

本发明还公开了一种报文发送装置，该装置包括：查询单元，用于在网络设备发送LSA更新报文时查询所述网络设备与其邻居设备间的扩散等价链路组信息；控制单元，用于当查询结果为网络设备与其邻居设备间存在扩散等价链路组时，生成发送命令下发给发送单元；发送单元，用于按照所述发送命令，只在所述扩散等价链路组的主扩散链路上向邻居网络设备发送所述LSA更新报文。

The stochastic Bonhoeffer-Van der Pol system is first transformed into an equivalent deterministic system using the Chebyshev polynomial approximation, so that the problem of controlling stochastic chaos is reduced to the problem of controlling deterministic chaos in the equivalent system.

首先运用Chebyshev多项式逼近的方法，将随机Bonhoeffer-Van der Pol系统转化为等价的确定性系统，使原系统的随机混沌控制问题转换为等价的确定性系统的确定性混沌控制问题，继而可用Lyapunov指数指标来研究等价确定性系统的确定性混沌现象和控制问题。数值结果表明，随机Bonhoeffer-Van der Pol系统的随机混沌现象与相应的确定性Bonhoeffer-Van der Pol系统极为相似。

Basic concepts of Equivalence Relations, Dynamic equivalence problem, Basic operations of equivalence class, smart algorithm.

等价关系的基本概念，动态等价问题，等价关系基本操作的实现，提高效率的方法。

The main problems researched in the dissertation and achievements are as follows: The dissertation explains the science background and the theoretical and actual meaning of the task. The progress and the problems of the flow imaging technique are briefly explained. The advantages of electrical capacitance tomography are discussed. The paper discusses the formation and operating principle of ECT, and builds up the definite mathematical model by detail theoretical analyse, and establishes the Finite Element Model of the system by changing the finite boundary value problem of ECT into equivalence variation problem according to variation principle. On the basis of the FEM of the system, the paper builds the finite element model of the capacitance sensitivity field distribution and programs its finite element simulation software and proves the validity of the FEM of the ECT from different aspects. With the FEM and the qualitative analyse of the effect of each structural parameter of the capacitance transducer on its capability, this paper optimizes the structural parameters of the capacitance transducer, and obviously improves its capability. The compare of the simulated result with the static experimental result shows that the error of them is less than 0.9%.

其主要研究内容包括：阐述课题研究的学术背景及其理论与实际意义，概括总结出流动层析成像技术的发展现状和存在的问题，指出电容层析成像技术的优点；讨论电容层析成像系统的组成及工作原理，进行详尽的理论分析，以变分原理为基础，将ECT的有限元边值问题转换为等价的变分问题，从而建立系统的有限元模型；在系统有限元模型的基础上，建立敏感场的数学模型，编制有限元的仿真软件，并从不同角度证明电容层析成像系统有限元模型的正确性；利用有限元模型，定性地分析电容传感器各结构参数对其性能的影响，并对传感器结构参数进行优化设计，使其性能得到明显的改善。8电极ECT系统的仿真和静态实验结果的比较表明，它们之间的相对误差小于0。

Approximate equivalent transformation includes expanding process and reduction process.

约等价变换过程包括知识的约等价扩充和约等价约简。

Inspired by Chans double series representation formula of_∞~(10), the author constructs a new difference equation on quintuple products, which leads to clarification on the four symmetric differences that are equivalent in pairs.

受Chan得到的_∞~(10)的二重级数表示公式的启发，作者构造一个新的关于五重积的差分公式，并澄清迄今为止所出现的四个对称差恒等式之间成对等价的关系。

Firstly properties of the HJ SDF are revealed, and some useful conclusions are obtained. Then by the HJ SDF's properties and the two fund separation theorem, the mean-variance spanning is investigated and the spanning condition is gotten. It is proved by the mathematical method that the spanning condition gotten from HJ SDF is equivalent to the spanning condition gotten from the other methods.

首先研究了HJ随机折现因子的性质，得到了一些有意义的结论；然后结合HJ随机折现因子的性质和两基金分离定理，对均值－方差张成进行了研究，得到了相应的张成条件；最后，从数学上证明，基于HJ随机折现因子得到的张成条件与基于其它方法得到的张成条件是等价的。

Polychotomously scored system is better than dichotom-ously scored system,because it makes fuller use of theinformation involved in the examinees response vectorto all test items.2,The assumpt on of dichotomizing polychotomously scoredtest data and the relevant test transferring method isreasonable,the two tests are equivalent.3,Dichotomously scored IRT models are avalable to polych-otomously scored tests if these tests satisfy the assump-tions of the models.

对测验项目采用多级评分有助于更大限度地利用被试对测验项目的反应中所包含的有关其相应的能力或特质水平的信息量。2：本文所提出的把多级评分测验结果二级化的设想和方法是合理的和可行的。3：有本文所提供的方法把多级评分测验转换成相应的虚拟二级评分测验并不会改变原测验的各种性质。这两个测验基本上是等价的。4：只要原多级评分测验满足IRT模型的各种假设，那么该测验所对应的虚拟测验与逻辑斯蒂模型是配匹的。5：把二级评分IRT模型用于多级评分测验是可行的。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。