第二十个的

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

When he heard the sound of gunfire then get down to 20 gallons of liquor, a stove spade, a Huoqian, two Tonghu, Tongguo and Grill when the shuttle is in Cluj read "Bible" when , Seems to be the wizard finish spell want the same thing as a coincidence of magic, here is novel in this second stage of reference to "Bible", here is Kru shuttle by a gift of God, when the third novel to And "Bible", in Cluj shuttle by the threat of terrorism and disease, the precarious life of the time, it seems that the author of a demon Satan for a guest, is the Kru people of the shuttle Buxiao the "original sin" Another penalty, or is he received the last of God's gift to God and not the consequences of Thanksgiving, when he is determined to be more devout starting point, this echoes the "Bible" in the words "in trouble when you call for me I will Laijiu you, and you have to praise me,"Mingmingzhizhong Defoe who arranged a deal with the integrity of God, but Kru shuttle in this transaction in the integrity of performance is not very good, so in God Pre-paid to the equivalent of his wealth, its very credibility of not giving a penalty.

当他听到炮声随后顺着枪声得到二十加仑地酒、一把火炉铲、一把火钳、两个铜壶、铜锅和烤架的时候，正是克鲁梭在读《圣经》的时候，好像精灵念完咒语得到想得到的东西一样巧合一样具有魔力，这里是小说在这一阶段第二次提及《圣经》，这里便是克鲁梭得到的上帝的馈赠，当小说第三次提及《圣经》时，是在克鲁梭受到恐怖和疾病的威胁，性命岌岌可危的时候，好像是作者安排的一场恶魔撒旦的一次客串，是克鲁梭为人子而不孝的&原罪&的又一次惩罚，抑或是他得到上次上帝的馈赠而对上帝感恩不够的后果，此时也是他下决心会更加虔诚的起点，这便呼应了《圣经》里的话&在你患难时呼唤我，我就会来救你，而你要赞美我&，冥冥之中笛福安排了一次人与上帝的诚信交易，但是克鲁梭在这次交易中表现的诚信不是很充分，所以在上帝预先付给他那些等价财富后，对其的不很诚信给予了惩罚。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。