第一类错误

In this paper, we developed an alternative test to cope with the trade-off between safety and efficacy.

在Ⅱ期临床试验阶段，由于样本量较小的缘故不大可能同时控制反应率和毒性的第一类错误，我们可以根据实际临床需要将这两个第一类错误分别确定在不同的显著性水平。

If so, these concepts have different primary and secondary intensions, and a type-F monist could correspondingly accept conceivability but deny possibility: we misdescribe the conceived world as physically identical to ours, when in fact it is just structurally identical.32 Finally, a type-F monist might hold that physical concepts refer to dispositional properties, so that zombies are both conceivable and possible, and the intrinsic properties are not physical properties.

如果这样的话，这些概念有不同的第一和第二内涵，F一元论会相应地接受可设想而拒绝可能性：我们错误描述了被设想为和我们物理同一的世界，当事实上它只是结构上同一。[32]最后，一个F类一元论者可以认为物理概念指向趋势属性，所以人偶是同时可设想和可能的，固有属性不是物理属性。

We know that the relative difference of each stratum has a change trend based on the levels of the discrete confounder.

把这个共同的相对差作为讨厌参数来进行处理，得到一个渐近检验，并给出了参数的区间估计及统计量的渐近势公式，利用模拟的方法对统计量的经验第一类错误进行了讨论。

Besides, we have studied deeply error of two kinds which appeared frequently in the hypothesis testing (error of the first kind and error of the second kind), including the relations to error of two kinds and its effect to the result of hypothesis testing and the effective control of error of two kinds so as to be satisfying and etc.

另外，对假设检验中经常出现的两类错误（第一类错误和第二类错误）也作了深入的探讨，其中涉及到了两类错误之间的关系，两类错误对假设检验结果的影响以及如何有效的控制两类错误使之达到令人满意的程度等。

For Panel data model, this thesis studies the comparisons about two stage esti-mator, least square estimator, Within estimator and Between es-timator of regression parameter under generalized mean square error criterion and Pitman criterion.

在广义谱分解估计的基础上，应用目前备受关注的广义p值方法给出了混合模型方差分量的精确检验，通过模拟研究表明此检验方法能够很好的兼顾控制犯第一类错误的概率和功效。

Type I Error -- When the null hypothesis is rejected but it is actually true.

第一类错误--原假设为真而拒绝了原假设。

Chapter one is "Introduction". On the basis of summarizing the history of the study of the pictophonetic characters, we suppose some theoretical principle, such as the principle of the correspondence between the form and the meaning of the individual graph of Chinese characters, the principle of the total graphs of Chinese characters being a character-formation system, and the principle of the optimum development of the character -formation system in the history, and som analytic methods, such as the methods of structrue-function analysis, form-position analysis and meaning factor analysis, in the study of the pictophonetic characters. Chapter two is titled"General knwledge of the pictophonetic character." We discuss their origins, nature and some standards of distingnishing them, introduce the knowledge about the editions of SHUO WEN JIE ZI, analyse the functions of the modules of pictophonetic characters in detail, discuss concretely the function of phonetic graphs showing origins and pronunciations, the function of meaning graphs showing meanings and analogies, and the function of distinguishment when the two kinds of graphs are conbined. Chapter three is"The system of meaning graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."After we describe the structure of the meaning graph system, the relations between meaning graphs, the distributions of the function of meaning graphs showing meanings, and the frequency of all this kind of graphs, we get a table of all meaning graphs, a table of the frequency. Chapter four is"The system of phonetic graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."We describe the structure of the phonetic graph system, the relations between phonetic graphs, and between their function showing origins and their function showing pronunciations, and their frequency, then we get ageneral table of phonetic graphs and table of their frequency. Chapter five is "conclusion". We think that systematical methodology is useful in describing and analysing the formation system of Chinese characters. The methodology is adaptable in describing the formation system of modern Chinese characters as well as the historical character systems, adaptable in describing horizontally as well as comparing vertically. Only when we finish the systematical vertical compare on the base of systematical horizontal decription, could we know the true history of the system of Chinese characters, recover the rule of the system's development, and supply the theoretical supports for the scientifical arrangement of modern Chinese characters.

第一部分—绪论，在总结形声字研究历史状况的基础上，提出了研究形声系统的理论原则和分析方法，即汉字个体字符形义统一的思想，汉字字符集合构形系统的思想，汉字构形系统历史演变系统优化的思想等三项理论原则和结构功能分析法，形位分析法，义素分析法等三种分析方法，还扼要地介绍了具体的工作程序和论文的主要内容；第二部分—形声字概述，论述了形声字的来源、性质和鉴别标准，介绍了对《说文解字》正篆形声字说解中的传抄讹误，版本异文，说解错误校勘和考证的经过，详细分析了形声字构件的功能，具体讨论了声符的示源功能与示音功能，义符的示意功能与类化功能以及声符与义符组合中的相互区别功能；第三部分—小篆字系的义符系统，从义符系统的构成、义符间的相互关系，义符示意功能的分布及义符的构字频度等不同侧面，对义符系统进行了全面的描写，产生了义符总表、义符间意义关系总表和义符构字频度总表；第四部分—小篆字系形声字的声符系统，从声符系统的构成、声符间的相互关系，声符的示源功能与示音功能的关系以及声符的构字频度等不同侧面，对声符系统进行了全面描写，产生了声符总表和声符构字频度总表；第五部分—结束语，在全面测查小篆字系形声字的基础上，对研究汉字的方法和现代汉字发展方向的问题提出了一些看法，认为系统论的方法是描写和分析汉字构形系统行之有效的方法，系统论方法，不仅适用于历史上文字系统的描写，也适用于现代汉字构形系统的描写，不仅适用了断代描写，也适用于历史比较，只有在对汉字断代系统描写的基础上进行系统的历史比较，才能认清汉字系统历史演变的真相，揭示汉字系统发展的客观规律，为科学地整理现代汉字提供理论上的依据。

Also, a traditional test method is proposed by the Bartletts decomposition of sample covariance matrices and the sample mean vectors.

另外本文还利用样本协方差矩阵的Bartlett分解和样本均值，给出了检验共同均值的一种传统方法，这种检验犯第一类错误的概率比标称的检验水平略低。

The significance level of a test is the probability of a Type I error.

一个检验的显著性水平是发生第一类错误的概率。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。