竞争问题

Beijing 100083 , China Abstract : In order to analyze supply chain structure , cost model of firms in market entry game was developed by borrowing Cournot competitive model and Newsvendor problem model , the feasible and equilibrium structures of two - tier supply chain were analyzed and solved in theory.

基于进化博弈的供应链市场进入博弈分析赵晗萍，冯允成，蒋家东(北京航空航天大学经济管理学院，北京 100083)摘要：为分析供应链的结构，在借鉴古诺竞争模型与报童问题模型的基础上，建立了市场无法出清条件下供应链的市场进入博弈模型，从理论上分析并求解了两级供应链的可行结构和均衡结构。

According to the above study results, especially the steady operation of two-sludge system（2A/O+N 2SBR）, it can be proved that denitrification and excess phosphorus uptake are relatively independent and intersectant biological processes. The overlap is that denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteriawhich possesses the two bacterial metabolisms, could utilize nitrate as an electron acceptor for phosphorus uptake. The two-sludge system can not only combined biological phosphorus removal and denitrification processes to form a process in practical wastwater treatment , but also solved the main difficulties of current single-sludge systems:①the sludge age competition between phosphorus removing bacteria and nitrifier;② the substrate competition between denitrification and dephosphatation.

以上的研究结果，尤其是时间序列的双泥生物反硝化除磷脱氮系统工艺（2A/O+N 2SBR法）的稳定运行，不仅证明了生物脱氮与生物除磷是两个既相对独立又相互交叉的生理过程，其交叉点是同时拥有硝酸盐还原性和超量吸磷这两种生化特性的细菌进行的反硝化吸磷脱氮生化反应，而且双泥系统工艺克服了常规单泥生物脱氮除磷工艺的两大问题（①聚磷菌和硝化菌的SRT相互干扰；②反硝化与生物除磷竞争VFA），同时保证了脱氮和除磷效果，排水指标达到污水综合排水标准（GB8978-1996）的一级标准，具有实际工程使用价值。

The third chapter is about the optimal control for a class of age-dependent competitive population dynamics with diffusion, the continuity properties of the system solution in terms of the control variable is certificated, the Normal cone theory is applied and the necessary conditions of optimal control problem is obtained.

第三章研究了一类年龄相关的具有空间扩散的竞争种群系统最优控制问题，证明了最优解关于控制变量的连续依赖性，应用法锥理论，得到了最优解的必要条件。

What kind of competitive strategy to take is an unavoidable question in front of Northern Telecom, who stands for China Telecom in Northern provinces.

作为中国电信集团公司在北方新近成立的分支机构，北方电信应该采取什么样的竞争战略，是它必然要思考的问题。

An important question is how increased competition among nuclear-energy firms will affect co-operation on safety, says Pierre Gadonneix, the boss of EDF of France, the world's largest operator of nuclear plants.

一个重要的问题是核能公司之间的竞争更加激烈了，不知道这会会对安全合作产生何种影响。世界上最大的核电运营商，法国电力公司的老板这样说。

How to improve national competitive advantage has been a great concern of Chinese government and people of every field.

如何提升国家竞争优势，一直是我国政府及社会各界十分关心的问题。

The severe opaqueness of banks hinders traditional corporate governance mechanisms.

银行业存在的严重信息不透明问题使所有传统意义上的公司治理机制，包括股权人和债权人参与公司治理的机制，产品市场、公司控制权市场上的竞争以及规制和监管的外部治理机制都受到严重的削弱。

Then, based on the analysis, some economic methods, especially thoese models in the game theories, are used to analyze the three main problems, which are the evolvement path of the price competition, asymmetric information and the over-priced agency fee in order to find out the reasons causing the increase of loss ratio and decrease of profits of the insurers at the beginning of the reform and possible development trend of some phenomenan.

分析指出市场化开始后市场主体在相互博弈中有个逐渐适应新环境下竞争的过程，这是导致上述问题的重要原因，但我国保险企业的现有体制的缺陷和企业目标的错位才是隐藏在其背后的深层次原因之一。

To lay more stress on either party will all make question oversimple and is unfavorable to the development forward of the society.

竞争与合作是人类进步的重要方式，过多的偏重任何一方，都是将问题简单化，不利于社会的向前发展

It launched its proposals after identifying a number of perceived problem areas including a lack of incentive in player training, a lack of local and regional identity as far as many club teams are concerned, a lack of competitive balance, overstocked squads and concentration of wealth among an élite few clubs in many countries.

在考虑到一系列的敏感问题后慎重提出的。如球员训练缺少动力，许多俱乐部缺少本地和地区性的相互识别，竞争平衡性的失调，过密的队伍和财富集中化，都发生在很多国家的许多俱乐部身上。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。