竖板

The problems of point - line - plane - volume; the facts of square - circle - triangle; the mysteries of central - peripheral - frontal - oblique - concave - convex; the right angle and perpendicular; of scale and position; the interest in post- lintel, wall-slab, vertical-horizontal; the arguments of two-dimensional and three-dimensional space; the extent of a limited field; the meaning of implied extension; the meaning of plan, of section, of spatial expansion - spatial contraction - spatial compression - spatial tension; the direction of regulating lines, of grids; the relationships of figure to ground, or number to proportion, of measurement to scale, of symmetry to asymmetry, of diamond to diagonal; the hidden forces, the ideas of configuration; the static, the dynamic: all these begin to take on the form of a vocabulary.

点-线-面-体的课题；正方形-圆形-三角形的事实；中央-边缘-正对-倾斜-凹入-凸出的奥秘；直角与垂直；尺度与位置；柱-梁、墙-板、竖直-水平的旨趣；两维与三维空间的思辩；局促场所的极限；暗示延伸的含意；平面、剖面、空间扩充-空间收缩-空间挤压-空间张拉的意义；控制线与网格的方向；图与底、数字与比例、尺寸与尺度、对称与非对称、菱形与对角线的关系；暗藏的力量、构型的想法；静态、动态━这一切都将发展成为语汇的形式。

At the same time we provided the double trigonometric progressional solution at the common boundary condition. And combining with the taken test of such plate abroad this analysis method was proved to be accurate and credible.In the third chapter, reasonable finite element models for such structure were established and a static non-linear analysis was made, and we summarized the rule of this structure about the aspects of force, deformation and destruction.

第三章对薄壁箱体现浇混凝土空腹板楼盖结构建立了合理的有限元分析模型，进行了静力全过程分析，侧重分析其在竖向荷载作用下的受力性能，总结出此结构体系的内力、变形分布及破坏过程的规律，并结合国外试验和国内现行混凝土结构设计规范，对这种结构的冲切计算进行了简单的探讨，提出了冲切计算的修正公式。

The ratio of the vertical load distributed between the arch rib and the tie beam of the two schemes is the same. For the integral girder deck scheme, the longitudinal beams and the deck slab of endure more axial force compared to the ballast girder deck scheme, especially to the deck slab with a conspicuous increase of the axial force and higher stress, and the tie beam endure less. The force-bearing characteristics of the cross beams under the integral girder deck scheme is obviously better than that of the ballast girder deck scheme, especially at the two ends of each cross beam.

在受力上，与道碴板桥面方案相比，整体桥面方案竖向荷载在拱肋和系梁之间的分配基本相同，混凝土板和纵梁分担的纵向力则相对更大，尤其是混凝土板，增幅较明显，应力水平整体较高，系梁分担的纵向力则得到减小，横梁的受力状况整体桥面方案明显优于道碴板桥面方案，特别是在梁端处。

In slabs,under the combined action of vertical load and lateral load,slab-column connections will transter punching shear and unbalanced moment.

钢筋混凝土板柱结构体系，在风荷载或地震作用等水平荷载及竖向荷载共同作用下，板柱节点除了要传递垂直剪力外，还必须传递较大的不平衡弯矩。

However, in designing the beamless slabs with equivalent frame method, the stress is an average values along the depth of section, which varies with the normal service state. Compared with the results by finite element method, the results gained by equivalent frame method cannot satisfy the requirement under the normal service state. Therefore, the tendons of beamless slabs should be designed and arranged based on the results of FEM taking account into vertical load and prestressed load.

本文通过分析，认为采用等代框架法进行无梁板设计时，其内力是基于截面平均的结果，在正常使用状态与实际受力状态有很大的不同，通过对比等代框架法和有限元计算的正常使用极限状态应力可知，按等代框架法设计的预应力布置并不能保证其正常使用极限状态的要求，据此提出了应根据无梁板在竖向荷载和预应力共同作用下弹性有限元分析结果进行预应力筋布置的建议。

In this paper, the vehicle model on a scale of 1/4 and the half-sine curve are used to simulate the longitudinal curve of the plate girder bridge deck with creeping camber and the mathematical relations between the vehicle vertical vibration response and creeping camber, span length and vehicle traveling speed of the bridge are derived.

采用1/4汽车模型和半正弦曲线模拟板梁徐变上拱桥面线形，推导车辆竖向振动响应与板梁徐变上拱度、桥梁跨径、行车速度之间的数学关系。

The results show that space finite analysis results are close to test ones, bottom chords suffer axial force and large in-plane bending, and the max stress is nearby each middle internode. The max stress of node crossbeams occurs in No.2 bottom flange, and that of internode crossbeams happens in ones lying in the middle of every internode. The concrete slab is in tension at the longitudinal direction, and also suffers bent at vertical loads. The degree of completely-composite model taking part in the combined actions is about 55%, while that of semi-composite model is 42%-43%. The combination of concrete slab and bottom chord increases the degree of floor system taking part in the combined actions, lightens the burden of bottom chord, and reduces out-of-plane bending of node crossbeams especially the ones near bridgehead. Stress and displacement of main truss can be evaluated by a equivalent plane rigid frame in preliminary design, and effective stiffness of bottom chords are composed of original ones and concrete slab, and the concentrated load from deck can be translated into uniform load.

研究结果表明：空间有限元分析结果与试验结果较吻合；下弦杆受到轴向拉力和较大的面内弯矩作用，各节间最大应力出现在节间中点附近；节点横梁最大应力发生在横梁2的下翼缘，节间横梁最大应力发生在位于端节间中部的小横梁上；混凝土板顺桥向整体受拉，并在竖向集中荷载作用下产生弯曲变形；全结合模型大部分节间内的桥面板参与主桁共同作用的程度为55%左右，半结合模型桥面板的参与程度为42%~43%；桥面板与下弦杆结合能够增加桥面板的参与程度，减轻下弦杆荷载，减少节点横梁尤其是靠近桥头横梁的面外弯曲；对桥梁进行初步设计时，主桁杆件的位移与内力可按照1个等效的平面刚架计算，下弦杆的等效刚度由原下弦杆截面和混凝土桥面板截面组合而成，桥面荷载可转化为均布荷载施加。

By using the essence of this historic Chinese structure, NHDRO converts the primary space into a canvas by architecturally using glass panels reinforced structurally by a curtain wall system with delicate brushed nickel stainless steel mullions. This backdrop, which will be lit separately, becomes a wall in which classic modern products are displayed.

在中国的这一历史建筑内，如恩设计研究室使用带有镍钢竖框的幕墙系统强化了玻璃嵌板的结构体系，从而将建筑的主要空间变成了一个小院子，并将这一分别配备独立照明系统的背景变成了一个陈列现代经典产品的绝佳平台。

Composite stud wall is composed of steel stud with plasterboard or Bolivian magnesium board attached to both flanges of the stud with screws at regular intervals.

由钢立柱两侧翼缘和石膏板、玻镁板通过自钻螺钉相连而形成的组合墙体是此种结构的主要竖向承重单元。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。