立法者的

The above-stated limitations of written law aredetermined by the limitation of legislative objects to legislatorsand the limitations of legislators and language as law carrier.

成文法的这些局限性是由立法客体对立法者的制约、立法者本身认识的局限性和作为法律载体的语言的局限性所决定的。

"The first duty of a legislator is to apportion penalties".

"立法者的第一项任务就是分配刑罚"。

This problem has been regarded as a bafflingly difficult one of the present time with which China's jurisprudential circles as well as legislators are confronted.

这是当下困扰着中国法学界与立法者的一大难题。

This chapter tries to solve the following issues:as theconscious awareness of law-makers,the penalty-crimerelationship determines how to make law;as the form ofideas,the penalty-crime relationship regulates and guidesthe process of law-making and judicature;penalty andcrime as provided by law is nothing but the model for thepenalty-crime relationship presupposed and defined bylawmakers;the presupposition and definition of thepenalty-crime relationship is the value-based evaluativeactivity on the grounds of cognition;the change invalue-based criteria and the inherent contradiction of theobjective to beevaluated is the fundamental precondition for the definitionof the penalty-crime relationship;the change in classcontradiction is the basic cause for the change inevaluative criteria;the change in the objective to theevaluated reflects the demands and interests of the rulingclass to a certain extent,and lastly;as the evaluativeform of negating crime,penalty and its effectiveness dependheavily on the unity of compulsiveness and justice.

文章论述了刑罪关系作为立法者的自觉意识决定着刑事立法；刑罪关系作为观念的形式，规束并引导着立法和司法，法律中规定的犯罪与刑罚，是立法者设定的刑罪关系范式；刑罪关系的设定是以认识为基础的价值评价活动，价值标准的变动性和评价对象的内在矛盾性，是刑罪关系设立的根本前提，指出了阶级矛盾的变化是导致评价标准不确定的根本原因；评价对象的转移，在一定程度上反映出统治阶级利益的需要。刑罚作为对犯罪否定评价的方式，其有效性在于强制性与正义性的统一。

It supplied the jurist with all his materials for generalisation, with all his methods of interpretation, with his elucidations of first principles, and with that great mass of limiting rules which are rarely interfered with by the legislator, but which seriously control the application of every legislative act.

它供给了法学家他所用的一切概括材料、所用的解释方法、他对原理的释明，以及大量的限制规定，这些规定很少受到立法者的干预，但却严密地控制着每一个立法法案的应用。

The first duty of a legislator is to apportion penaltiesWalter Savage Landor.

立法者的第一项任务就是分配刑罚。

Negotiations with U.S. lawmaker s are likely to be tough .

和美国立法者的谈判很艰难。

It is up to lawmakers to make laws, he reckons.

他认为立法者的职责是制定法律。

Is the counter-poison to mass culture, to the corroding effects of mass culture, toand voluptuaries without heart. Liberal education is the ladder by which we try toascend from mass democracy to democracy as originally meant. Liberal education isthe necessary endeavor to found an aristocracy within democratic mass society.Liberal education reminds those members of a mass democracy who have ears to hear,of human greatness.

一个未开化的社会，在其最好状态中是由沿着原初立法者，亦即诸神、诸神之子或诸神的学生传下的古老习惯统治的社会；既然还不存在书写，后来的继承者就不能直接地与原初的立法者相联系；他们无法知道他们的父辈或祖父辈是否偏离了原初立法者的意图，是否用仅仅人为的附加或减少去毁损那些神圣的消息；因此一个未开化的社会不能前后一贯地按其&最好即最古老&的原则去行为。

If one company epitomises the concern of Australian regulators, it is CNOOC itself.

没有哪家公司可以比中钢集团能对澳大利亚外国投资立法者的忧虑和担心更有心得和体会。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。