窦的

Results: Lateral extradural approach could be used to expose the second and third branches of trigeminal nerve,trigeminal ganglion,posterior vertical segment of the intrapetrosal ICA,abducent nerve and horizontal segment of the intrapetrosal ICA;lateral intradural approach could be used to expose the lateral,anteroinferior and posterosuperior venous spaces,almost all the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus and horizontal segments of the intracavernous ICA;superior approach could be used to expose the medial,lateral and posterosuperior venous spaces,medial side of the anterior genu,anterior vertical and clinoidal segments of the intracavernous ICA and the lateral side of the hypophysis.

结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支，三叉神经节，海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段，外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段；侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧及前下，后上静脉间隙，以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段；上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙，海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面，以及垂体的外侧面。

Mechods The clinical data of12cases suffering from isolated sphenoid sinus lesions were analyzed retrospectively and the correlated documents reviewed.Results All the12cases were preoperatively diagnosed by CT,MRI,and intranasal endoscopy.The postoperative pathology showed7cases with sphenoid sinustis,2cases with submucous cystis,3cases with mycosis.

蝶窦位于颅底，解剖位置深在，部位隐蔽［1］，由于蝶窦病变早期临床表现缺乏特异性，单纯前鼻镜额镜检查时因受照明，角度等影响，无法窥清蝶窦及蝶窦开口的病变情况，因此，孤立性蝶窦病变临床误诊率较高。

The main indexes included the condition of frontal antrum, ethmoid sinuses, sphenoid sinus and maxillae antrum that was involved in, the types of the inflammation （mucous thickening, inflammatory fluidify and submucosal cyst） and its MRI appearance.

主要观察指标包括额窦、筛窦、蝶窦、上颌窦受累情况，各窦病变类型（黏膜增厚、炎性积液、黏膜下囊肿）及相应的MRI表现。

Results CT scans showed the density of the involved sinus cavities rised inhomogeneously in all patients, spot or lump calcification in 17 cases, the medial wall of maxillary sinus were and absorbed and destroyed in 5 cases, ostium of maxillary sinus was expanded in 11 cases...

结果CT征象：病变的窦腔内为不均匀的密度增高影，其中17例病变窦腔内呈不规则点状或片状钙化影，5例上颌窦内壁骨质吸收破坏，上颌窦口扩大11例，上颌窦骨壁增生硬化16例。

Methods Nasofrontal duct was extended and the bottom of frontal sinus was opened under nasal endoscope.

目的 观察筛窦切除术+额窦开放术与单纯筛窦切除术治疗慢性额窦炎的疗效方法在内窥镜下扩鼻额管，开放额窦底。

Results MRV display that the anterior part of Rolandic vein (n=1), Rolandic vein (n=2), the posterior part of Rolandic vein (n=3), straight sinus (n=1), straight sinus combining sinus confluens (n=1), and right sigmoid sinus (n=1) were occluded.

结果磁共振静脉成像成功的显示上矢状窦中后1/3Rolandic静脉前矢状窦栓塞1例，Rolandic静脉处栓塞3例，Rolandic静脉后1~2cm处栓塞2例，直窦栓塞1例，窦汇和直窦栓塞1例。

The thickness of the inner wall was (0.68±0.46) mm. It showed no significant difference between the two sides of the optic canal in diameters(P＞0.05).(2)The optic canal, the superior orbital fissure and the inferior orbital fissure were respectively shown as track, crack and gorge type in CT axial pictures, while in the coronal pictures, they were respectively shown as butterfly eyes, horizontal fissure and vertical fissure type.(3)The relationship of the posterior ethmoid sinus and the optic canal was: anterocanal(42.00%), semicanal(27.5%), whole-canal(18.75%),sella turcica(9.75%) and circumcanal(2.00%).(4)The relationship of the position of the sphenoidal sinus and the optic canal was:Ι degree sphenoidal sinus(20%),Π degree (63%) and Ш degree (17%).

双侧间差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）；②视神经管、眶上裂、眶下裂在CT轴位像上分别表现为&轨道状&、&裂隙状&和&狭谷状&，在冠状位像上分别表现为&蝶眼状&、水平状裂隙和垂直状裂隙；③后组筛窦与视神经管的位置关系为：管前型占42.00%、半管型占27.50%、全管型占18.75%、蝶鞍型占9.75%和管周型占2.00%；④蝶窦气化度与视神经管的位置关系为：Ι度蝶窦占20%、Π度蝶窦占63%和Ш度蝶窦占17%；⑤视神经管内侧壁骨质缺损发生率为25.5%，缺损平均长度为(5.07±2.52)mm。

To explore the microdissection of the cerebellopontine angle as well as to study the advantage and disadvantage of the retrosigmoid approach and the retrosigmoid suprameatal approach, the relationship among the facial nerves, inter-medium nerves, anterior inferior cerebellar artery and petrosal vein were studied, and two approaches particularly also were explored from fifteen dry skulls and ten wet skulls, along the approach of RSA and RSSMA.

本研究旨在了解桥小脑角的显微解剖；探讨枕下乙状窦后入路及乙状窦后-内耳道上入路的优缺点。本实验采用15例(30侧)干标本和10例(20侧)湿标本，按照枕下乙状窦后入路和乙状窦后-内耳道上入路的所涉及的解剖区域，解剖观测面神经、中间神经、小脑前下动脉及岩静脉等诸多结构，并对神经外科手术乙状窦后入路及乙状窦后。

Results The penumatization rate of total or inferior part of middle turbinate correlated positively to the inflammation of anterior ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Compared with patients with normal frontal sinuses, the vertical diameters of agger nasi cells of patients with frontal sinusitis were larger(11.70±5.50 mm and 8.54±3.67 mm respectivevy, p＜0.01).Compared with patients with normal maxillary sinuses, the Haller's cells of patients with maxillary sinusitis were larger (77.8% and 33.3%,P＜0.05)and the amount of inflammatory Haller's cells of the latter was more abundant than that of the former(91.6±17.8 mm2 and 41.6±12.6 mm2, respectively, P＜0.05). The deviation of uncinate process was one of the factors of maxillary sinusitis .The sizes of ethmoid bullae increased with the soft tissue thickening in anterior ethmoid sinus, the large ethmoid bulla may cause anterior ehmoid sinusitis.

结果 全中甲或中甲下部气化的发生率随前筛、上颌窦内软组织影增厚而升高；有额窦炎组病人的鼻丘气房最大纵向垂径明显大于无额窦炎组(分别为11.7±5.5 mm和8.5±3.7 mm，P＜0.01)；Haller气房在上颌窦炎组和非上颌窦炎组的发生率无显著差异，但前组发生炎症的Haller气房明显多于后组(分别为77.8%和33.3%，P＜0.05)，且前组Haller气房的冠状位截面积明显大于后组(分别为91.6±17.8 mm2和41.6±12.6 mm2，P＜0.05)；钩突角度随上颌窦内软组织增厚而减小；筛泡冠状位截面积随前筛窦内软组织增厚而增大(P＜0.01)。

The incidence of major abnormal ECG were 7.3% for STT changes, 5.6% for sinus tachycardia, 4.4% for sinus arrhythmia, 3.4% for ventricular premature beats, 2.0% for bundle branch block and 1.8% for atrial premature beats; Apart from preexcitation syndrome, the incidence of abnormal ECG for male was higher than that of female;Most of abnormal ECG increased with age. A few abnormal ECG such as sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome decreased with age. The incidence of sinus bradycardia and preexcitation syndrome were bail shape with age. Half of abnormal ECG adults had at least two abnormal ECG, such as STT changes combined with ventricular premature beats or bundle branch block.

异常心电图较多的有STT改变（7.3%）、窦性心动过速（5.6%）、窦性心律不齐（4.4%）、室性早搏（3.4%）、束支传导阻滞（2.0%）、房性早搏（1.8%）；除预激综合征外，其他异常心电图都是男性多于女性；多数异常心电图的检出率随年龄增加而增加，但窦性心动过速、窦性心律不齐、病窦综合征随年龄增加而减少，窦性心动过缓和预激综合征的检出率与年龄呈&杓形&关系；在异常心电图人群中，有约1/2的人合并2种或2种以上的心电图改变，最常见的是缺血性STT改变合并室性早搏或传导阻滞。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。