突触

Sympathetic ganglion cells have large Volume, simple shape no dendron and synapses on the cell body.

交感神经节细胞体积大，细胞的形状简单，无树突，突触位于细胞体上，神经节结构简单，但同时又具有中间神经元，在体外易于长时间存活。

An enriched PCR fragments with less complexity were obtained and mainly expressed in the denervated hippoampus After cloning into the plasmid vector, 46 clones were initially screened and subjected to autosequencing By comparison with the EMBO gene databases, 21 gene fragments of different types were obtained with 11 similar to genes of known function and 10 similar to ones of unknown function It is inferable that the altered gene expressions of hippocampus following the entorhinally denervation may underlie the specfic reinnervation and the formation of synapses by transplanted entorhinal neurons with host neuropil within the denervated target areas.

初步挑选出的46个转化后的阳性克隆，经点杂交筛选和基因序列分析，与Gene Database同源性比较后，得到21种基因片段，其中功能已知的有11种，功能未知的有10种。结果表明海马在去内嗅皮层后某些基因表达的改变，这可能是移植胚胎内嗅皮层神经细胞轴突特异支配去神经靶区和重建突触联系有关。

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neurulation; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经脊；神经板；底板；神经管；轴索；神经胚形成；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；gangliogenesis；胚胎发生；axonogenesis；retinogenesis；gliogenesis；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管故障；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；神经发生；发展；发展进程

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neurulation; neuroblasts; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; cell migration; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经脊；神经板；底板；神经管；轴索；神经胚形成；成神经细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；gangliogenesis；胚胎发生；axonogenesis；retinogenesis；gliogenesis；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管故障；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；细胞迁移；神经发生；发展；发展进程首页上一页下一页末页共有 22 条记录，本页从第 11 到第 20 条。

With reference to the theory that only a part of signal from brain cells can reach pallium put forward by Raju Metherate,and the theory that axon signal strength is reduced with distance increment from main body of neural cells raised by Stephen R Williams,axon signal theory-based clustering algorithm of neural network is presented in this paper.

通过借鉴Raju Metherate提出的只有部分脑细胞发出的信号到达了大脑皮层的理论和Stephen R Williams提出的突触信号强度随着离神经细胞主体的距离的加大而减弱的理论，提出了基于轴突信号理论的神经网络聚类算法。

Results:(1)NSCs form typical neurospheres under adequate concentration in vitro, which are immunoreactive to Vimentin. Typically and terminally differentiated mature neural cells could not be found without the stimulus of mitogen or only under NSCs self-regulation and self-induction;(2)NSCs derived from hippocampus maintain the character of stem cells much longer with better biological behavior; NSCs passed to the 2-3 passage are the best to graft since they have not differentiated;(3)NSCs cultured in vitro could self-regulate and differentiate into neurospheres and progenitors positively immunoreactive to specific antibodies representing neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells;(4)There are widespread synaptic contacts between various kinds of descendent clones and cells;(5)Neurospheres could be formed without the stimulus of mitogen when NSCs and OECs are cocultured. Many neurospheres and cells immunoreactive to Vimentin, GFAP, MAP2, 02, p75NGFR, GFAP, S-100, Synaptosis, Vimentin, Tau (Tau is only positive in cocultureof HNSCs+HOECs) could be found;(6)The supernatant fluid triturated from adult rat spinal cord stimulates NSCs to differentiate into neurons, but do not terminally differentiate;(7)Fibroblasts and O4 oligodendrocytes are not supported to grow under this culture medium.Part II: Isolation, culture and identification of rat and human olfactory ensheathing cellsOlfactory ensheathing cells/glials are the most powerful cells to enable the regeneration of axons in the central nervous system.

结果表明：①在适宜的浓度体外培养条件下，NSCs能形成典型的神经干细胞克隆球，Vimentin免疫荧光染色阳性，单靠丝裂原刺激或NSCs自我调节和分化诱导，不会产生典型的终末分化的成熟神经细胞；②海马源性的NSCs维持干细胞特性的时间更长，生物学特性更优；③传至第2～3代的NSCs尚未分化时移植最佳；④体外培养的NSCs能自我调控分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞、O2少突胶质细胞、雪旺氏细胞染色阳性克隆球和前体细胞；⑤各种子代克隆球和细胞存在广泛的突触联系；⑥NSCs与OECs联合培养时，不需丝裂原刺激即能形成克隆球，获得大量Vimentin、GFAP、MAP2、O2、p75NGFR、GFAP、S-100、Synaptosis、Vimentin、Tau(Tau只有人HNSCs+HOECs联合培养时出现阳染)染色阳性的克隆球和细胞；⑦脊髓研磨后的上清液刺激神经干细胞向神经元方向分化，但并不出现终末分化；⑧本研究培养条件不利于成纤维细胞、O4生长。

Axon - The axon is responsible for carrying the output of soma to other neurons, through the synapses

神经元之间的连接是可能的，由于突触和树突的存在。

Long-term modulation of spine density, but not number of primary dendrites, by BDNF was gated by cAMP.

研究表明，BDNF 对突触后树突棘密度的长时程作用也受cAMP 的门控调节，但是BDNF 对神经元一级树突数目的调节并不受cAMP 的调控。

The possible neurotransmitters mediating VLF-EPSPs were excitatory amino acids and non-NMDA receptors were critically involved in these synaptic transmissions,for both VLF-EPSP and glutamate-induced response were similary and almost completely abolished by kynurenic acid and DNQX.

提示VLF中的下行纤维可能与MN的胞体或近端树突形成突触，而背根或腹根中传入纤维与MN的远端树突联系。

We initiated a genetic screen for Drosophila olfactory genes by means of SG18.1-Gal4/UAS system: The result validates our screen as an rapid, effective approach for recovering genes controlling glomerular map patterning; From a misexpression screen of 1,515 P{GS} lines, we identified 23 genes that, when forcibly expressed in the olfactory receptor neurons, disrupted the stereotyped anatomy of the Drosophila antennal lobes; These genes, which have not been shown previously to control olfactory map development, encode novel proteins as well as proteins with known roles in axonal outgrowth and cytoskeletal remodeling.

本文首次利用SG18.1-Gal4／UAS基因筛选系统对果蝇嗅觉基因进行了筛选和鉴定：结果表明，所采用的方法可以快速、有效地分离到果蝇嗅觉相关基因；从1515株果蝇P{GS}品系分离到86株突变体，其中40株有明显表型，从中鉴定了23个基因，这些基因在ORN强迫表达时可以损坏果蝇嗅叶的固有结构；在筛选中发现的一些调节嗅觉图谱发育的基因可以编码新蛋白或编码参与轴突生长和细胞骨架重塑的蛋白；为了便于研究，根据基因的功能和所编码蛋白的特点，我们对分离到的基因进行了分类，即参与轴突引导和突触产生、调节转录、调节细胞骨架和功能未确定或未知的基因；并通过对嗅觉感觉器的检测发现，除了调节转录的基因外，其他基因对触觉器的数量和分布影响不明显。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！