空间地

Painting which is the mainstream of the western art is extremely representational in the aspect of the space concept. But relieves combine the paintings'complanation with sculptures'extensity .so we decide to research the process of the evolvement and the interaction between paintings and sculptures. We expect to discuss the space and art expression in the western art and relieve ,so I can have a further comprehension about the space of optical art. The comprehension can not only help us understand the traditional western paintings and relieves better, but also make us comprehend the space concept of modern art better, to set the artistic creations of contemporary paintings and relieves into action.

油画，作为西方绘画的主流形式，在空间形态的表现上极富代表性，而浮雕兼具绘画的平面性与雕塑的实体空间性，因此，我选择研究油画与浮雕在空间上的演变过程及其相互影响，以期可以从一个侧面来探讨西方绘画与浮雕中的空间观和艺术形态表现，从而对视觉艺术的"空间"有更深一个层次的了解，这不仅有利于我们理解传统的西方油画和浮雕，也能使我们更好地理解现代艺术的空间观念，进而更好的推动当代的油画和浮雕创作。

In the modern movies by the fifth generation directors, which emphasize medium experiment, the lens tries all language rules possibly. The extreme lens space explains the natural space; the aesthetic space conquers the natural space. Or the offscreen space is actively used to recount. The sixth generation directors even have a tendency to ignore the image space.

在第五代导演这批强调媒介实验性的现代电影中，镜头尽可能地尝试着所有的语言规则，以极端的镜头空间诠释着自然空间，以审美空间征服自然空间；或积极运用画外空间叙事，第六代导演甚至出现了漠视物象空间的倾向。

In those well-formed geometric structures, not only does the scripture express its mystery and the beauty of cutting, but it stands for the symbol of Buddhism. There are numerous works demonstrate this statement, such as "Ark of Dream,""Scriptures,""Pilgrimage of Buddhist Scriptures,""Spiral Scriptures,""Floating,""Pipal,""Big Spiral Scriptures,""Golden Mandala." Besides from placing scripture and leather into fine spatial arrangement, Huang Gang fills the golden background with dark brown dripping technique or paints a large red star. The red star series, which is combined and abstracted from China's interpretation for red, has a particular meaning.

在有规律的几何形式构成画面之中，除了倾心展现经版的刀笔之美、经文的神秘意味，经版始终是菩提灵性的表征符号，而不仅仅是一种简洁的对象，例如《梦之舟》、《佛经》、《朝经之路》、《转经》、《行云流水》、《菩提树》、《大转经》、《金色的曼陀罗》等，进一步地，在空间表现上，在经版或皮革构成的实体空间之外，其非实体空间恰当地运用了书写性和涂绘性的表现主义语言风格，在经版的金黄色域背景上涂绘、滴沥黑褐色，有的则间以大漆涂刷那些红星。

Also the response amplitude will be changed with the initial conditions due to the nonlinear properties of the cables.Taking the bending stiffness, cable sag and cable inclination into consideration, the space vibration control of the cables using the visco-elastic dampers in cable-stayed bridges is investigated by joining the center difference method and the state space strategy. Both the maximum modal damping ration and the optimal damper size are obtained, then the practical suggestions are proposed for the design of the dampers. The space nonlinear vibration equations of the cable-damper system are derived, and anew hybrid method for solving the cable-damper system is presented by combing the Newmark method and Pseudo-force technology. According to the known properties of the cable-damper system, the nonlinear transient responses are analyzed under all kinds of excitations. Based on the transient response, the control effectiveness of the visco-elastic dampers is further demonstrated.

综合考虑了拉索抗弯刚度、垂度的影响，研究了粘弹性阻尼器对斜拉桥拉索的空间振动控制，联合中心差分方法及状态空间法，得出了拉索面内、外振动各阶模态可能达到的最大阻尼比及相应的最优阻尼器系数，并对斜拉桥拉索的阻尼器设计提出了参考建议：考虑拉索抗弯刚度、垂度及几何非线性，导出了索-阻尼器系统的空间振动非线性方程组，结合Newmark方法及伪力(Pseudo-Force)方法，创新地提出了求解非线性方程组的杂交方法，根据拉索-阻尼器系统的阻尼特性，在各种荷载作用下，对索-阻尼器系统的非线性瞬态振动响应进行了研究，从系统响应的角度更加直接地验证了阻尼器的控制效果。

At the every relative momentary point of time time-space, is to the situation of observe identity mutuality gravitation and space-energy quantum spatial measurement cosmic energy at relatively determine, namely to the difference of quantity quantum of the original spatial measurement and the spatial measurement limit of cosmic energy, to the quantity of quantum spatial measurement cosmic energy, to the situation of spatial measurement and spatial curvature relative time-space cosmic energy, to the difference of spatial measurement of the gravitation exceed the space-energy of quantum spatial measurement cosmic energy, to the situation of the average density spatial energy and the temperature spatial background of relative time-space cosmic energy, to the situation of spatial measurement and spatial curvature relative vacuum cosmic energy all at relatively determine.

在时空时间的每一个相对时刻点，是对宇宙能量的宇称量子的引力与空间能的守恒状况的相对确定。即是对宇宙能量的原初宇称量子与极限宇称量子的数量差，宇宙能量的宇称量子数量，宇宙能量的相对时空的宇称及空间的曲率状况，宇宙能量的宇称量子的引力大于空间能的宇称差，宇宙能量的相对时空空间的能量平均密度及空间的背景温度状况，以及对宇宙能量的相对真空的宇称及空间的曲率状况全都在相对地确定。

In order to make the new recursive method convergence fast, the RLS-like forgetting factor is introduced to construct the new data Hankel matrices. In the framework of subspace methods, the gradient type subspace tracking method is used to implement the update of the state subspace, which results the unbiased estimate. Different from traditional offline method, the system matrices are recursively computed using RLS method. The convergence analysis of the proposed method is given and finally, the efficiency of this method is illustrated with a simulation example.A new closed-loop identification method is proposed to implement consistency estimation of closed-loop subspace identification.

引入RLS-like遗忘因子机制构造新的数据矩阵，更好地跟踪系统时变信息，提高递推算法的收敛速度；在子空间辨识框架内，采用梯度型子空间跟踪算法实现对状态子空间的更新，避免了子空间近似带来的估计有偏性；与传统的离线算法不同，在得到系统状态子空间后，基于递推最小二乘方法提出新的算法，实现对系统矩阵的递推估计；并给出递推子空间辨识算法的收敛性分析；最后通过仿真实例验证算法的有效性。

The reaches of greater dike breach risk mainly distribute in wandering reaches.(4) The dike breach risk of the south bank is relative higher in wandering reaches.(5)The dike breach risk of the north bank is higher than the south bank in winding reaches. Simultaneously, the evaluation results manifest that the evaluation indexes system established from the locomotion of incoming water and sediment load, the regional crustal stability, the evolvement of river regime and the stability of river dikes, can reflect the actual situation of hang river in the lower Yellow River more fully. The application of multi-hierarchical fuzzy

评价结果同时表明，从水沙运动、区域地壳稳定性、河势演变和堤防稳定性4个方面建立评价指标体系，能够更加全面的反映黄河下游悬河的实际情况；运用多层次模糊综合评判法能够较好地解决影响因素众多、作用机制复杂的悬河决溢风险问题；运用GIS技术强大的空间分析功能，使黄河下游悬河不同空间位置的决溢风险得到了量化，可以客观地反映黄河下游河道不同空间位置决溢风险的差别，对于指导防洪和河道治理的实践具有重要的现实意义。

To investigate the spatial-dependence of heterogeneity at multiple scales for a community, we selected a representative plot of 100 m×100 m in the mountainous evergreen and deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest in Sichuan, southwest China (102°50'E, 30°02'N).The location of every tree was mapped by compass, and all-scale analysis of spatial structure of forest community was conducted by the method of PCNM (principal coordinates of neighbor matrices).

为了解植物群落在多尺度下的空间变异规律及其对空间尺度的依赖，以川西南山地阔叶混交林为对象，在有代表性的地段设立100m×100m样地，采用传统的罗盘仪对树体的相对空间位置进行定位，运用主轴邻距法(principal coordinates of neighbor matrices， PCNM)对群落空间结构的多尺度（100m内）特征进行了研究。

This method first maps training data into a high dimensional feature space through kernel function concept in Support Vector Machine and constructs orthogonal space in the feature space. Then it maps the data from feature space into the orthogonal space and computes Fisher criterion based global orthogonal discriminants.

首先应用支持向量机中核函数的概念，将样本隐式地映射到特征空间，然后构造特征空间的正交空间，再将特征空间样本映射到特征空间的正交空间，求解基于Fisher的全局正交鉴别矢量集。

However, it can only implement the limited operation to the spatial objects, cannot carry on transformation, index, interlink age and excavation to the spatial data, and hard integrate other information with combining map variable to set up and analysis new variable. Meanwhile, relational model in the traditional DBMS and the object- oriented modeling do not completely suit the spatial application domain. The relational model can handle topological relation well, but shows inabilities to that complicated level crossing the spatial region. Object-oriented model using software method based on the principle of the customer defined data type supports the abstract data type, especially spatial abstract data type, and possesses polymorphism and inheritances, and it can deal with topological and the layer relation, but hardly processes important continuous phenomenon in space.

GIS是当今操作有关空间信息的成熟工具和技术，但其只能对空间对象进行有限的操作，不能对空间数据进行变换、索引、链接和挖掘，难以集成其他信息来构建和分析新变量；而传统数据库管理模型中的关系模型和面向对象建模也不完全适合空间应用这一领域，关系模型能够较好地处理拓扑关系，但对表示横跨空间区域的复杂层次却无能为力；面向对象模型的软件方法支持抽象数据类型，特别是空间抽象数据类型，具有继承性和多态性，能够处理拓扑和层次关系，但难以处理空间中重要的连续性现象。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。