空间变化

Time series simulations are consistent with sediment records from lake bottom cores back to 100 years ago, and spatial distribution modeling of nutrient resources are agreement with changes in the geographical features. The work suggests that the simulations can catch basic characters of the basin nutrient changes, and provides a powerful tool to evaluate nutrient resources, sedimentations and distributions responding to historical changes in catchment environments.

模拟总氮和总磷浓度与太湖沉积钻孔沉积样推算的水体含量的数量级和变化范围相当，太湖流域的营养盐空间来源模拟也能够与流域自然地理变化吻合，表明模拟能够捕捉到流域营养盐历史变化特征，对湖泊营养物质来源、沉积和空间分布的流域环境历史变化响应具有良好模拟能力。

The thesis studies the difference between GWSs composition and traditional workflow applications, proposes the implement mechanism and technical architecture of GWSs composition and defines the reference model of GWSs composition platform, which provide holistic framework and top-level guidance for studying dynamic GWSs composition technology, designing GWSs composition platform, and implementing representative composite service applications.2、Theories and methods of composite process modeling and process analysis. This thesis proposes a meta-model of Geo-spatial Web services composition process defining from two aspects, i.e. process and resource. According to the process definition meta-model, we propose a new Geo-spatial Web services composition Process/Resource model based on extended WF-net, which effectively resolves the problems on uncertain activity option and dynamic variation of service in composite process model. A notion with regard to soundness of process model is proposed from three aspects, i.e. the structural correctness of process model, validity of data link and validity of resource. The notion of soundness definitely gives a dividing line on correctness of composite GWS process. This thesis analyzes sufficient and essential terms of soundness, and studies compositional property of WSCP/R-net models which provides an effective method to construct a soundness WSCP/R-net model. According to WSCP/R-net, the thesis proposes composition algebra and studies the properties of it. Based on the composition algebra, 6 kinds of composite process reduction rules are induced to optimize the process.3、Geo-spatial Web service QoS model and its application architecture. This thesis proposes an extendable GWS QoS model from three aspects, i.e. Geo-spatial Web Service itself, networking conditions and service consumer which can be used to distinguish GWSs with overlapping or identical functionality. We work over the QoS evaluation methods of composite GWS process which can be used to guide the execution, monitor and service selection of composition process. Aming at some disadvantages in traditional Web service discovery model for its lacking of QoS supporting, this thesis proposes a new service discovery model SDMQ supporting QoS constraints.4、Technologies of composite service executing. SSPL, a new composite service process language, is defined to overcome the disadvantages of existing composite services process languages which can not adapt to the dynamic variation of Geo-spatial Web Services. An algorithm is described to translate WSCP/R-net model into SSPL. The thesis studies the model of dynamic services selection with QoS global optimization, presenting an algorithm GODSS to resolve dynamic services selection with QoS global optimization in GWSs Composition.5、Design and implement experimental system and representative applications. According to the research findings presented above, we design and implement an experimental system and construct two representative applications to show that our achievements are effective and practical.

针对当前空间信息服务聚合研究中存在的若干不足，本文重点在基于工作流的空间信息服务聚合框架、空间信息服务聚合流程建模和分析技术、空间信息服务QoS模型及应用体系以及空间信息服务聚合流程执行等几个方面进行深入研究，主要工作和创新点包括：1、基于工作流的空间信息服务动态聚合框架：研究了空间信息服务动态聚合和传统工作流应用的不同，在此基础上提出了基于工作流技术的空间信息服务动态聚合实现机制、技术体系和参考模型，为研究空间信息服务聚合的关键技术、开发服务聚合支撑平台以及在此基础上构造特定的空间信息服务聚合应用提供了总体框架和顶层指导。2、空间信息服务聚合流程建模和分析技术：首先基于动态服务聚合流程建模的需求和空间信息服务动态变化的应用实际，从服务聚合的过程维和资源维出发定义了服务聚合流程定义元模型；与之相对应，对基本的WF-net进行扩展，提出服务聚合流程/资源网作为空间信息服务聚合流程的形式化描述模型，有效解决了现有的基于基本Petri网和工作流网的服务聚合建模方法所不能解决的不确定路径选择和服务的动态变化性问题；从流程结构正确性、数据依赖有效性和资源实现有效性三个方面提出了WSCP/R-net健壮性的概念，明确界定了聚合流程正确性的标准，并对WSCP/R-net模型的健壮性分析方法和WSCP/R-net模型的组合特性进行了研究；提出了空间信息服务聚合代数算子并对其性质进行了研究，在此基础上提出了6种聚合流程约简规则，从而可达到优化聚合流程、提高聚合流程执行效率的目的。3、空间信息服务QoS模型和应用体系：从服务本身、网络环境和服务消费者三个层次出发，提出了一个可扩展的空间信息服务QoS模型GSQM，实现了对空间信息服务的度量和评价，并对GSQM不同质量要素信息的客观、公正采集方法进行了研究；研究了空间信息服务聚合流程QoS评价方法，有效支持了空间信息服务聚合流程的执行、监控以及服务选择等操作；针对目前的服务发现模型仅支持服务功能性描述、不能有效满足空间信息服务应用需求的现状，提出了一种新的支持QoS约束的服务发现模型SDMQ，并对模型的实现框架进行了研究。4、空间信息服务聚合流程执行技术：针对现有的服务聚合流程描述语言不能有效满足空间信息服务动态聚合流程描述的特点，基于BPEL4WS提出了一种新的空间信息服务聚合流程描述语言SSPL；研究了满足健壮性要求的WSCP/R-net模型向SSPL的转换算法，在此基础上可以满足用户无显式编码来实现空间信息服务聚合应用的目的；研究了服务动态选择QoS全局优化模型，并在此基础上提出了一种解决服务动态选择QoS全局优化问题的实现算法GODSS.5、基于论文研究成果，设计实现了"空间信息服务聚合实验系统"，并构建了"矿产资源评价"和"城市消防应急响应"两个典型应用案例，对论文所述模型、方法的可行性和有效性进行了验证。

Namely, the first, the beginning, end and length of growing season of every type of vegetation is estimated with threshold method and moving average method, and the beginning end and length of growing season of vegetation from 1982 to 1999 is fitted linearly, finally, linear trend of the beginning end and length of growing season of vegetation is analyzed. The second, phenological phase in different years and zones is estimated based on greatest changes of slope method and EOF analysis method, and the result monitored by the two methods is compared, as a result, trend of growing season change from 1982 to 1999 in different latitude zones is better acquired. The third, phenological phase of vegetation in different spatial location from 1982 to 1999 is fitted based on curve. Then, spatial difference rules of growing season of every year and average of multi-year is discussed in article. In the end, lag correlation and linear regress are used to study relation between phenological phase of different types of vegetation, different latitude zones, different spatial places and climate changes.

利用阈值法和滑动平均法逐年估测了每种植被类型的生长季的开始、结束日期及长度；对18年中植被生长季的开始、结束时间和长度进行一次线性拟合，分析了植被生长季的开始、结束日期和长度的线性变化趋势；基于最大变化斜率法和EOF分析法估计了不同年份、不同区域内植被生长季的开始、结束时间及其长度，并对这两种方法的监测结果作了比较，从而得到了较好的不同纬度区域1982～1999年植被生长季的变化趋势；基于曲线拟合了1982～1999年的不同空间位置的植被物候期，然后讨论了每年和多年平均的植被生长季的空间分异规律；最后利用时滞相关分析和线性回归研究了不同类型植被的物候期与气候变化的相互关系，不同纬度带的植被物候期与气候变化的相互关系，植被物候期与气候变化空间相互关系。

To begin with, the smoothing effect of error which is decomposed into orthogonal vectors in grid function space is analyzed. The error-reducing effect in orthogonal subspace which is developed from high frequencies and low frequencies component has been analyzed.

将协调有限元空间分解成高频子空间与低频子空间的直和，从而将误差的衰减变化转化为考虑高、低频子空间上的误差的高频与低频分量的衰减变化。

So considering uncertainty variety of spatial data because of it, this paper introduces centriod as a reference point, and expanded uncertainty parameter changed with variable scales in 16-direction relation cone-shaped model and describes them with formalization. The model partitions the direction relations with smooth transition regions, which accord with percipience on direction concept description.

本文考虑了由此带来的空间数据不确定性变化，用质心作为参考点，并在16方向模型中添加了不确定度的参数，来适应尺度变化引起的空间关系的变化，并对其进行形式化描述，以更好的描述空间关系，使得方向关系的划分上有个平滑的过渡区，在方向概念的表达上更符合人的认知。

After analyzing the merit and lack of 9I model, the main idea is proposed: to distill some basic topological relations from 9I model, of which the composite topological relations of complex objects are made up. In detail, the composite topological relationships between region and region, line and line, line and region are particularly discussed;(2)Analyze the characteristics and inner relations of cadastral features. According to the expressional model of complex topological relations, the author discovers the possible topological relations between parcels, parcel lines and parcel points. In addition, sum up the general topological relationship rules of cadastral data.(3) Then the topological relations model is extended to the spatio-temporal data. Time in cadastral database and change semantic are discussed. It's redefined that spatio-temporal topological relations is composed of time, location, status and event relation. Spatio-temporal topological relationships can be represented by extended 4I model. Taking cadastral parcels as example, there are different possible spatio-temporal topological relationships between parcels when they are extended, shrunken, split, merged or others. Thus, some deductions are drawn that, for example, if parcels have be coexisting for some time they are impossible to be overlapped. Furthermore, the parents of parcels alternated and their possible change types can be detected by their spatio-temporal topological relationships.(4) Before carrying out the experiment, the calculation method must be designed.

具体研究工作及成果如下：（1）根据点集拓扑理论中与拓扑空间相关的概念，本文对空间的点、线、面进行了重新定义，以区分对象的复杂性；分析了9I模型在表示简单对象方面的优点，以及在表达复杂对象上的不足，阐述了本文的研究思路和解决方案，并以复杂的面面、线线和线面为例详细探讨了复合拓扑关系的表达方法；（2）分析了地籍权属数据和地类数据的内涵、特点和要素之间的联系，根据复杂对象的拓扑关系表达模型，本文讨论了宗地、界址线、界址点之间，图斑、线状地物、零星地类之间可能存在的拓扑关系和形式化表达方法，归纳总结了地籍对象的拓扑关系满足的约束性规则；（3）将拓扑关系的研究延伸到时空领域，从地籍对象的时态性出发，本文阐述了地籍数据中时间的含义和变化语义描述的需要；从时间、位置、状态、事件等之间的拓扑关系方面，重新系统性地进行了时空拓扑关系的定义；研究了一维时间和二维空间的集成表达方式，以宗地、界址线为例，分析了变更前后不同时间区间里可能的拓扑关系，探讨了时空拓扑关系对时空变化操作类型和变化语义的推理方法和意义；（4）为实现空间拓扑关系的查询分析等应用，本文研究了空间拓扑关系的计算方法。

Study on the driving forces of land use/cover temporal-spatial change. On the basis of the systematical study on natural and social-ecomic factors including climate, population, technology and affluence status etc. during the past 50 years in this area, the multivariate statistics simulation models of LUCC were developed for two periods of 1950's-1980's and 1986-2000 respectively. Then, the Thiesson polygon method was used to the spatial allocation of soci-economic factors, thereby the spatial relationship between land use degree change and socieconomic factor variation was detected within GIS. Based on the analysis of the integrative characters in different geographical divisions, the electivity index was employed to describe the possible impacts of the natural landscape structure on spatial differentiation of land use transition. At last, correlation analysis between major roads and the distribution of land use change was made.

分析近50年气候资料和人文因子在不同年代的变化特点，系统地研究了气温和降水等自然因子和人口、农牧业发展、经济状况等人文因子对区域土地利用变化的影响；从时间序列的角度分析了50年代至80年代初和80年代中期至2000年两个时段土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动因子，在相关分析的基础上，分时段建立了区域土地利用／覆被变化的自然-人文影响统计诊断模型；针对不同经济类型区选择典型县，分析近15年土地利用变化外在人文驱动力的区域相似性和差异性；尝试以THIESSEN多边形方法进行社会经济统计数据的空间化处理，探讨了土地利用程度变化与人文因素变化的空间相关关系；以优先指数模型和土地利用类型转化率与距交通干线距离的相关模型分析了景观自然与人文结构对土地利用空间转化过程的影响。

In degraded PSM matching classification, errors modification method of degraded PSM is presented and the matching tensor of every canonical scattering centers is given. In Chapter 4, the theory of wideband millimeter-wave radar target identification is introduced. It is indicated that, for HR radar target identification, description of temoral relations among features and pattern recogntion adaptive to variation of target angles are of key importance. A rule-based pattern recogniton method of sequential reasoning is proposed, which uses a series of rules to describe relations of features variation caused by target angles variation and has the advantages of adaption to unrandom variation and false probability control in classification over traditional statistical pattern recognitiop method. Feature extraction is crucial step in target identification. In range profiles identification application, features are extracted by means of range domain pre-processing algorithm, spacial and amplitude visual computation directly from range profiles and transform algorithm based on range profiles. Visual or transformed features are either sufficiently convinced or necessarily convinced and both of them are effective and robust to range profiles identification.

在第四章，首先对宽带毫米波体制背景下目标识别方法的一些特点进行了阐述并指出，在毫米波雷达目标识别中，特征之间动态关系的描述以及能适应目标姿态角变化的模式识别方法的研究乃是要解决的关键问题；进而提出了一种基于规则库的序贯推理模式识别新方法，在这种方法的研究中，主要包括序贯推理规则库的规则排列与特征选用顺序以及规则库的收敛等问题；这种方法克服了传统的统计模式识别方法特征利用效率不高、难以适应特征值的非随机性变化的缺点，把姿态角变化所引起的特征的变化用一系列规则加以表示，其优点是能适应特征值的非随机性动态变化，并能控制分类过程中的差错概率α；特征抽取是目标识别中的关键步骤，在基于目标距离像的特征抽取方法研究中，提出了距离空间域的预处理算法、距离空间域与幅度域的直观特征抽取方法以及基于目标距离像变换分析的特征抽取方法。

The results show that the RIEMS can simulate the pattem and seasonal cycle of standard deviation of surface temperature and precipitation.

第一部分是检验RIEMS模式对东亚地区十年平均气候状况的模拟能力，结果表明，RIEMS模式能够较好地模拟出不同季节温度(包括平均温度、最高温度、最低温度)的空间分布和季节变化以及不同区域温度的年变化；无论是平均温度，还是最高温度、最低温度，模式模拟季平均和月平均温度与观测之间偏差大约一般在1-2℃，这与IPCC(2001)报告中报告的在区域尺度10〓-10〓KM，季平均温度偏差在1-2℃较为一致；模式能够较好地模拟降水的空间分布特征和季节变化以及不同区域平均降水的年变化，同时，也能够较好地模拟出雨带季节性的演变，但模拟的雨带位置较观测偏北，大约为2-3纬度；就季节而言，模式模拟最好的季节为冬季，较差的季节为夏季；模式基本上能够较好的模拟出不同季节平均海平面气压场的空间分布以及东亚地区的湿润和干旱分布规律的干旱指数的空间分布。

The first part is to assess whether RIEMS has ability to reproduce ten-years averaged mean climate in East Asia.The results demonstrate that RIEMS is capable to reproduce the patterns and seasonal cycle of temperature(mean temperature/maximal temperature/minimal temperature), precipitation, sea level pressure and arid index as well as the rain belt evolution.The simulated seasonal and monthly averaged temperature biases are generally in the range of 1-2℃,which are consistent with IPCC(200 1)report. Although model can reproduce the seasonal cycle and time evolution of precipitation, the simulated rain belt has northwards shift of 2-3 degree.

第一部分是检验RIEMS模式对东亚地区十年平均气候状况的模拟能力，结果表明，RIEMS模式能够较好地模拟出不同季节温度(包括平均温度、最高温度、最低温度)的空间分布和季节变化以及不同区域温度的年变化；无论是平均温度，还是最高温度、最低温度，模式模拟季平均和月平均温度与观测之间偏差大约一般在1-2℃，这与IPCC(2001)报告中报告的在区域尺度10〓-10〓KM，季平均温度偏差在1-2℃较为一致；模式能够较好地模拟降水的空间分布特征和季节变化以及不同区域平均降水的年变化，同时，也能够较好地模拟出雨带季节性的演变，但模拟的雨带位置较观测偏北，大约为2-3纬度；就季节而言，模式模拟最好的季节为冬季，较差的季节为夏季；模式基本上能够较好的模拟出不同季节平均海平面气压场的空间分布以及东亚地区的湿润和干旱分布规律的干旱指数的空间分布。

By using competitive adsorption of activated carbom to remove unfavorable influence of carbon in carbonaceous gold concentrate on leaching process, the leaching rate of gold concentrate can be improved to 88% as compared with 10%by direct cyanidation.

本文论述了利用活性炭竞争吸附作用，消除含炭金精矿中炭在浸出过程中的影响，使金精矿的浸出率可由直接氰化的10％提高到88％。

The only thing you're ever gonna be king of is King of the Stupids!

你只配做傻瓜的国王！