空间

So we can only plan trajectory in Cartesian, but planning trajectory in Cartesian space is more complex than in joint space. Third, a new method of analyzing kinematics of space robot was described.

因此我们只能用笛卡尔空间轨迹规划方法对其进行规划，而传统的笛卡尔空间轨迹规划方法相对于关节空间轨迹规划方法要复杂的得多。

The basic theories of visualization on fuzzy spatial information and fuzzy spatial process are summarized; the relationship between GIS and the human spatial cognition system are analyzed, and it is regarded that there exists difference between the cognition of cartographer and of the map user.

总结了模糊空间信息和模糊空间过程可视化的基础理论，比较分析了地理信息系统与人的空间认知系统，并认为制图者和用图者具有不同的认知过程，从而分别建立了制图者和用图者的认知模型。

Due to special features of the damage causer,the claimant,and the mode of undertaking liability,building the regime of international liability for environment damage is bound to face challenges and much improvement is needed

由于空间活动中空间环境损害行为主体、求偿主体、责任方式及责任的实现途径的特殊性，因此，空间环境损害的国际责任制度面临诸多挑战和完善。

Image schema transformation motivates the meaning extension from the central meaning to other spatial meanings,which in turn are mapped onto quantity,state and social domains by conceptual metaphor.

典型意义通过意象图式转换，扩展成其它空间意义，而每项空间意义又通过概念隐喻，由空间域映射到数量、状态、社会等抽象域，方位词就有了用于不同的认知域的不同而又有联系的义项，形成了一条由典型意义为中心向外扩展的语义链。

Then three candidate modulation schemes exploiting spatial dimensions are proposed. At last, the three modulation schemes are compared by power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency. It shows that spatial quadrature amplitude modulation scheme is appropriate for long distance wireless optical communications for its high bandwidth efficiency and spatial circular symmetry.

参照传统时域信号设计方案，提出了三种空间调制信号具体设计方案，并从带宽效率和功率效率两性能上进行了比较，结果表明正交幅度调制具有带宽效率高、功率效率低的特点，而且采用的信号点越多其带宽效率就越高，另外其空间信号图案还具有圆对称性，因此非常适合在空间带宽有限的远距离无线光通信中使用。

At last, for the limition of the swarm model based on minimal circumcircle method, we extend the model to n-dimensional spaces; study the aggregating swarm behavior and flocking behavior; and analysis the stability of system.

本文最后针对基于最小外接圆方法的群集模型的局限性，在前人的研究基础上，采用求解任意维空间点集的凸壳的方法，将该模型推广到n维空间中，对n维空间中群体的聚集以及迁徙行为进行建模和稳定性分析。

In aspect of technology there are geospatial information model, technical standards, and geospatial information clearinghouse.

在技术上，空间信息基础设施包括地理空间信息模型，技术标准，地理空间信息交换网络。

Modal analysis of an acoustic system can determine its natural frequency and show the distribution of the acoustic quantities in space, give the knowledge about the way that the acoustic system responses are affected when changes are made in the excitation sources or in the domain geometry, and provide valuable information for the noise control of closed three-dimension domain.

通过对声学系统的模态分析，可以得到其固有频率以及在此频率下声学量在声场空间上的分布，了解到声源及声场空间几何参数的变化对声学系统的相应的影响，为三维封闭空间的噪声控制提供了依据。

It can effectively cluster on data set with high dimensions and discover clusters in the subspace of high dimensional data.

在高维空间中，它能够有效地进行聚类，并且能够发现嵌套在高维数据空间子空间中的聚类。

Traditional method to coarsen and disperse the spatial data to lower administer unit in order to let spatial data be agreement to statistic data loses some spatial information. The comprehensive indexes got from these data of course cannot express the land-use spatial differentiation regularity well.

传统的研究方法是将空间数据"粗化"和"离散化"到行政单元上，与统计数据匹配，结果失去了一些指标的空间分布信息，得到的综合评价指数并不能较好地反映区域土地利用的空间分异规律。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。