空泡的

Based on the Boltzmann equation, governing equations are obtained by microscopic kinetic theory, in which the terms for mass and momentum transportations can be obtained directly by introducing some conclusions of bubble dynamics.

在推导过程中，结合空泡动力学中的研究成果，从微观角度考虑了泡径变化引起的质量和动量输运，直接推导出了相间输运源项。

Numbers of secretory granules, oplasmic reticulums, mitochondrias in ACTH cells all changed distinctly. GTH cytoplast were full of big and small, high density electron secretory granules.STH cells were in activity synthesis and secretion, secretory granules were from fusion to release. TSH cells cytoplast evacuated secretory granules, electron density decreased and vacuofes appeared.

ACTH细胞分泌物颗粒数量、内质网及线粒体均发生明显变化；GTH细胞胞质中充满电子密度较高的大、小两种分泌颗粒；STH细胞处于活跃的合成和分泌状态，分泌颗粒呈现出由融合到释放的状态；TSH细胞胞质中分泌颗粒排空，且电子密度降低，出现大空泡。

PFOS induced thyroid follicle cell hyperplasia, the depletion of colloid and even vacuolation with dose-effect relationships after 6 months exposure. Malformations of gonad with intersex, pearling and segmental aplasia were found in all treatment groups. The gonad with intersex showed a testis tissue with a female ovarian cavity like structure.

6个月后，PFOS组甲状腺出现滤泡上皮细胞增生、胶质减少甚至空泡化等现象，且随着PFOS浓度的增加而加重；各组幼蛙性腺出现间性、睾丸珍珠状和先天性萎缩等畸形现象，外观为间性的性腺主要表现为睾丸组织中产生类似雌性个体的卵巢腔。

The hepatoma cells became small and vacuole, there is no clone.

HE染色可见明显的细胞内空泡和细胞出泡现象。

It is proposed that a new mechanism for bubble rebound is too great vorticity of vortex from jet impact.

空泡在刚性边界附近溃灭时，射流冲击产生的冲击波对空蚀起主要作用。

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

In macrophages, Legionella destructed the transmission of small bubble, prevented phagosome-lysosome fusion, prevented the meaning of the sterilization of endosome and lysosome, established its own unique copy of the body and swallowed up full of host cells, finally leaded to the host cell death.

在巨噬细胞内，军团菌破坏小泡传输，产生空泡，阻止吞噬体-溶酶体融合，阻止内涵体和溶酶体的杀菌作用，建立其独占的复制型吞噬体，以二***复制，产生大量的吞噬体，布满宿主细胞，导致宿主细胞死亡。

It was observed by means of electronic microscope that toxinresulted in the apparent change in ultrastructure of rapeseed leafincluding the damage of chloroplast membrane,dilated,disorderedgrana lamellae;the damage of mitochondria membrance andeventually vacuolated mitochondria;the contract of cell nuclein.

电镜观察发现：菌核菌产生的毒素引起油菜叶片超显微结构显著变化，主要包括叶绿体膜破坏，基质片层肿胀，排列紊乱，形成空腔，最终叶绿体解体；线粒体膜破坏，最后空泡化；细胞核质凝缩。

Results Using different concentrations of 5fluorouracil to deal with A549 cells, with the increase in drug concentration and treatment time,cell survival rate decreased significantly;and low concentration of 5fluorouracil induced the cell spread and increased vacuolization within the cytoplasm, acridine orange staining showed an increase in acidic vesicles,high concentration made the cell round and cell apoptosis.

结果不同浓度的5氟尿嘧啶处理A549细胞，随着药物浓度的增加和处理时间的延长，细胞存活率明显下降；且低浓度使细胞呈铺展状态，细胞质内空泡增多，吖啶橙染色显示酸性膜泡增多，高浓度使细胞变圆，出现凋亡状态。

The cavitating region is filled with cavitation bubble and water mixture.

在超空化流动区域内，充满了空泡和水的混合物。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。