空气温度

The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when 210 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air.

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值2~(10)倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q—YAG激光器(波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns)，靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随着波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

IAQ has much to do with people's feeling and individual differences and is the integrated effect of temperature, humidity, airflow velocity, lustration of air.

北京工业大学环境与能源工程学院，北京 100022摘要室内空气品质与人的感知及个体差异紧密相连，是空气的温度、湿度、气流速度、洁净度等空气指标的综合效应。

The results show that the indoor air is unpolluted and the main contamination is particulates with diameter of 10 μm or less, total volatile organic compounds and ozone; the pollution mostly comes from personnel, merchandise and outdoor air; the unacceptability ratio of the indoor air quality is 22.64%, so the indoor air is unacceptable; indoor persons have caught sick building syndrome; long time and low concentratio...

结果表明，商场室内处于未污染状况，主要污染物是可吸入颗粒物、总挥发性有机化合物和臭氧；主要污染来源于顾客、商品和室外空气；商场内人员对室内空气的不可接受率为22·64%，室内空气属于不可接受；室内人员已有病态建筑综合症发生；长时间低浓度污染，是室内污染的重要特征；室内人员对商场的温度、相对湿度和室内光照度、视觉环境等满意程度很高。

More experimental data of condensation heat transfer coefficient, especially ones obtained at some determined pressure of mixtures and concentration of noncondensable gases, are required in order to make a data bank. Therefore, the experiment is arranged for steam-air condensing on the outside of a horizontal smooth tube, and 405 data have been obtained for the pressure of the bulk mixture covering 0.1～0.5bar and the mass fraction of air 0.3%～10.0%.

得到了一些重要结论，尤其是首次得到了&同样含量的空气对压力较高的混合气体冷凝换热的削弱作用较小&、&蒸汽侧冷凝换热系数近似与空气质量成分的对数成正比关系&、&空气含量的增加对蒸汽侧冷凝换热系数的影响随壁面过冷度增大而减小&及&管内冷却水流速取值范围的上、下限随管外蒸汽侧空气含量的增大而减小&等结论，并验证了在本文实验范围内&蒸汽侧冷凝换热系数与相同温度下纯净饱和蒸汽凝结换热系数的Nusselt理论预测结果的比率随壁面过冷度增大而减小&的数值分析结论〓。

To investigate the response of plant growth and antioxidant system to changes of root temperatures, roots of six cucurbit plants were exposed to three different root-zone temperatures: low (14℃), middle (24℃) and high (34℃), while aerial parts of plants were maintained at the same natural ambient temperatures (23-33℃). The six cucurbit plant species could be classified into three groups with figleaf gourd and turban squash being I group (heat-sensitive but cold-tolerant), cucumber and melon being II group (heat- and cold-sensitive) and bitter melon and wax gourd being III group (heat-tolerant but cold-sensitive), i.e.

为了探究植物生长与活性氧代谢对根际温度变化的响应，以六种温度敏感性不同的瓜类作物为试材(组Ⅰ，黑籽南瓜与美洲南瓜，耐冷但热敏感型；组Ⅱ，黄瓜与甜瓜，冷敏感与热敏感型；组Ⅲ，苦瓜与冬瓜，冷敏感但耐热型)，分别将其根系置于不同的温度环境中：低(14℃)、中(24℃)与高(34℃)三种温度条件下，而地上部保持与外界空气相同的温度(23-33℃)环境中。

The plasma ignition threshold of metal is got through experimental and numerical study. The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air .

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值210倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q－YAG激光器（波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns），靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随著波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

The experiment use cucumber as materials, There were two stubble cultivation includingspring stubble and autumn stubble. Three temperature environmentwere setted upby opening back slope ,back wall and front ventilation mouth or cover of many layers ortemporary hightened temperature. Jinchun 3 was used in spring stubble and Jinyou 1 was used inautumn stubble. The experiment initially ascertained that different temperature conditions ingreenhouse influence on growth and yield of cucumber by studying different temperaturetreatments effect on atmosphere factors (air temperature, ground temperature and relativehumidity), growth, correlated physio-biochemical index and yield of cucumber, which couldprovide reasonable temperature parameters for greenhouse cucumber cultivation in our province.

本试验以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus.L）为材料，分为温室春秋两茬栽培，通过开启后坡、后墙、前侧通风口大小、多层覆盖、临时加温等手段，设置 A、B、C 三个温度环境，春茬选用品种为津春 3 号，秋茬为津优 1 号，通过研究不同温度管理方式对日光温室内气象因子(气温、地温和空气相对湿度)及黄瓜的生长、产量、相关理化指标、果实商品性、品质的影响，初步探明日光温室内不同温度管理对黄瓜生长及产量形成的影响，为我省日光温室黄瓜栽培环境控制提供合理的温度参数。

So ,the temperature is quite essential for an engine to produce power .No engines can work well without suitable operating temperatures .If the engine runs too hot ,it may suffer form pre-ignition,while the air-fuel change is ignited prematurely from excessive combustion chamber temperature.Viscosity of the oil circulating in an over heating engine is reduced.Hot oil also forms varnish and carbon deposits may be drawn into the combustion chamber where it increases HC emission.This also causes poor performance and premature wear ,and may even result in engine damage.What is more,the behavior of the metals at excessively high temperature also differs from that at normal temperatures and can produce a condition in which the metal deforms slowly and continuously at a constant stress,If the engine runs too cold, the fuel will not vaporize properly.If liquid fuel reachees the cylinders,it will reduce lubrication by washing the oil from the cylinder walls and diluting the engin oil.This causes a loss ofperformance, an inrease in HC emissions, and premature engine wear.

所以，温度是很有必要的引擎来产生电力，没有引擎，可以工作，如果没有合适的操作温度，如果发动机运行太热，它可能遭受的形式预点火，而空气燃料的改变是点火过早过量燃烧室temperature.viscosity的石油流通的过度加热发动机是reduced.hot油价也构成了清漆和碳存款可能会被拖入燃烧室而增加hc的emission.this也造成业绩不佳和过早磨损，甚至可能导致发动机damage.what更重要的是，行为的研究金属在过高的温度也有不同，在正常温度下，可以达到的一个条件，其中金属变形速度缓慢，不断在恒应力，如果发动机运行太冷了，燃料价格将不会汽化properly.if液体燃料reachees气瓶，将减少润滑洗油从气缸壁和稀释器oil.this造成损失ofperformance ， inrease在hc排放，发动机过早磨损。

Rectangular and unstructured hybrid grids, re-normalization group k-ε turbulence model and discrete ordinates radiation model were adopt for the steady-state numerical calculation of air velocity filed and temperature filed, and obtained the distribution of air flow velocity and temperature in the passenger compartment.

采用矩形与非结构混合网格、RNGκ-ε两方程湍流模型、DO辐射模型对车室内的空气速度场及温度场进行了稳态数值模拟计算，获得了车室内空气流速及温度的分布情况。

Control systems allow the independent control of the quantity, temperature and pressure of the air, fuel and non-flammable liquid introduced in the combustion chamber allowing control of the maximum temperature and average temperature within the combustion chamber as well as the temperature of the exhaust from the combustion chamber.

控制系统可以独立控制引入燃烧室中的空气、燃料和非可燃烧液体的数量、温度和压力，从而可以控制燃烧室中的最大温度和平均温度，以及燃烧室的排出温度。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。