空前的

The high-degree integrated traditional political culture of China was strongly impacted by the western powerful culture in modem times and caused its adjustments, so the historical journey of Chinese traditional political culture was displayed as the course of the nativistic movement. The history logic from 1840 to 1901 suggests that the crisis of Chinese traditional political culture in modern times be unprecedented and it could not be saved unless it should be replaced by a completely-new cultural form through the nativistic movement.

具有高度整合性的中国传统政治文化在近代遭遇了西方强势文化的冲击并由此展开了顽强抵抗和回应性调整，因此中国传统政治文化的近代行程表现为本土运动的历史行程。1840—1901年间中国传统政治文化本土运动的历史逻辑表明：中国传统政治文化在近代遭遇的危机是空前和全面的整体性危机，非本土运动所能自救，最终不得不进行全面的革故鼎新，以一种新的政治文化替代之。

The high-degree integrated traditional political culture of China was strongly impacted by the western powerful culture in modem times and caused its adjustments, so the historical journey of Chinese traditional political culture was displayed as the course of the nativistic movement. The history logic from 1840 to 1901 suggests that the crisis of Chinese traditional political culture in modem times be unprecedented and it could not be saved unless it should be replaced by a completely-new cultural form through the nativistic movement.

具有高度整合性的中国传统政治文化在近代遭遇了西方强势文化的冲击并由此展开了顽强抵抗和回应性调整，因此中国传统政治文化的近代行程表现为本土运动的历史行程。1840-1901年间中国传统政治文化本土运动的历史逻辑表明：中国传统政治文化在近代遭遇的危机是空前和全面的整体性危机，非本土运动所能自救，最终不得不进行全面的革故鼎新，以一种新的政治文化替代之。

Under the male-supremacy system in ancient western society, the marital rape in the criminal-law theory could undoubtedly have not a leg to stand on with the "male immunity" supported by "wife's commitment" and other arguments. Since the latter half of the 20th century, when a feminist movement for equal political, economic and sexual rights swept across western countries with an irresistible momentum in the on-going industrial revolution, people have begun to cast doubt upon the "male immunity" and write off the principle in the crime of rape.

古代西方在传统夫制社会下的男强女弱、男主女从的模式之下，刑法理论中的婚内强奸难以占得一席之地，主要缘于以&妻子承诺论&和&促使女方报复论&为理论支撑的&丈夫豁免&。20世纪中后期以来，在工业革命的背景下，西方各国开始了一场规模空前、势不可挡的以追求政治、经济、性权利平等为目标的女权运动，人们开始逐步反思检讨&丈夫豁免&的正当性，摒弃了强奸罪中的&丈夫除外&原则。

As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

The energy consumption in unit architectural area in our country is nearly 4 times as much as that in developed country with the approximate climatic conditions. China is a country with deficient energy resources, so using the energy reasonably and enhancing the utilization ratio are fundamental plans for developing our society. Improving the energy conservation technology for exterior wall and enclosure structure, innovating the heat insulation materials, and reducing building energy consumption are of great significances.

当今社会，发达国家都空前地重视节能问题，我国目前的单位建筑面积采暖用能耗相当于气候条件相近的发达国家的3～4倍，中国是一个能源比较贫瘠的国家，因此合理利用能源，提高能源利用率是我国社会发展的根本大计，而建筑物外墙围护结构节能技术的改进，保温材料的更新对社会及建筑能耗的降低具有极其重大的意义。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician's position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician's position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physician's social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased. It became a very negative factor to the development of medicine.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响；宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician"s position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician"s position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physicians social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响：宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

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作为世界冬季活动前沿目的地，从花样滑雪到精彩马术，从引人入胜的文化观览到品质非凡的购物天堂，从火辣刺激的夜生活到世界一流餐饮，阿斯蓬/斯诺马斯-科罗拉州耀眼的明珠，为您铺开绝无仅有的雪地奇旅，无与伦比的独家体验。5，303英亩的滑雪城连同四大滑雪山地-阿斯蓬山，巴特米尔克，阿斯蓬高地和斯诺马斯，邀您体验世界顶级滑雪盛况。100多个酒吧和餐厅，空前盛大的庆典，狂欢魅夜派对，不可思议的欢畅购物，为之赢来了Outside杂志&世界最棒滑雪城&的美誉。

By the middle of the 18th century, the Qing Dynasty had put down the aristocracy and the Junggar, and a small rebel Zhuo, a unity in Xinjiang and has adopted a series of effective measures to control this territory in the northwest of China for the final definition of Xinjiang and its major national distribution pattern The formation, as well as among ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Xinjiang and the Central Plains between the political, economic and cultural contacts and exchanges, had a profound impact.

清代是我国统一的多民族国家空前巩固和发展的时期。18世纪中叶，清朝先后平定了准噶尔贵族和大、小和卓的叛乱，统一了新疆，并采取了一系列卓有成效的治理措施，这对于我国西北疆域的最后界定，新疆各主要民族及其分布格局的形成，以及新疆各民族之间、新疆与中原之间的政治、经济、文化联系与交流，产生了深远的影响。1771年，土尔扈特人在首领渥巴锡的带领下回归祖国。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失