稻

This study was to explore the relationship of genomes between Oryza alta and Oryza latifolia using genomic in situ hybridization.

［目的］采用基因组原位杂交技术研究稻属2种CCDD基因组型的野生稻宽叶野生稻和高杆野生稻基因组之间的关系。

Esp., most of the paddy rice, straw, rice leaves, rice husks, timber components, saw dust, reed and reed basketwork, rope and various plant stems and leaves, fruits etc. were in bright colors; among the paddy rice remains, the embossed veins and palea on the surface of some rice husks were also as clear-cut as original, so it was with a small amount of whole rice that connected the straw and ears of rice; there were some deposits mixed by rice husks, straws and rice leaves etc. crossed in several small layers under Layer 3, some looked like current objects, people would have such illusion that these were just fallen down on earth yesterday upon uncovering and could hardly believe that they were from thousands of years ago.

特别是，如稻谷、稻杆、稻叶、谷壳、木构件、木屑、芦苇及其编织物、绳子，以及各种植物茎叶、果实等等，多数色泽新鲜；水稻类遗存中，有的谷壳表面的隆脉和稃毛也清晰如初，还有稻杆与稻穗连在一起的少量整株水稻；第3层下数小层相间夹杂的谷壳、稻杆和稻叶等的混合堆积物，有的如同现时之物，刚揭开时真还会有一种昨天刚倒掉时的错觉，几乎无法相信它们是数千年前的物品。

Light utilization efficiency is highest in RDA, with respectively 18.52% and 23.08% higher than in rice-duck integrated farming and conventional farming systems. Energy circulation index in RDA is 0.096, significantly higher than in RD and CK.

稻鸭萍共作生态系统光能利用率最高，比稻鸭共作生态系统和常规稻作系统分别提高18.52%和23.08%；能流循环指数为0.096，显著高于稻鸭共作系统和常规稻作系统。

Mengjia or Manka) and 大稻埕 were the two original villages along the Tamshui river that gradually grew together to form the Taipei of today.

艋舺与大稻埕是两个古老的聚落，它们位在淡水河畔，逐渐发展孕育出现在的台北。

However, the weedy rice has became an another special type for long time evolution and domestication, so its resistance is superexcellence than the cultivable rice, and also become a natural gene storeroom.

然而，经历漫长的自然进化和某种特定稻作环境的驯化，杂草稻已成为稻种资源的一个特殊类型，较野生稻而言，其特殊生物学性状和抗逆性等优良性状易于在育种中直接利用，是水稻品种改良的重要育种资源，同时也是稻种遗传进化研究的必备材料。杂草稻长期自然生长繁衍，其抗病、虫、寒、旱、盐碱等特性优于栽培稻，而且与栽培稻的亲缘关系相对接近，是一种改良栽培稻抗逆性的天然基因库。

The results indicate that the tribe Oryzeae should be divided into two subtribes and that Leersia is the most closely related genus to Oryza. The present data clearly demonstrate that Porteresia coarctata should be treated as a member in Oryza rather than as a separate genus.

本研究结果支持将稻族分为两个亚族（Oryzinae和Zizaniinae）的处理，稻族中假稻属Leersia与稻属Oryza最近缘，Porteresia coarctata不应该单独成属而应处理为稻属的成员。

Recent results indicate that （1） Oryzeae is monophyletic and falls into two main clades corresponding to the traditionally recognized subtribes;（2） Close affinities of the monoecious genera are not supported, suggesting the multiple origins of unisexual florets;（3） Previous recognition of three monotypic genera （Hydrochloa, Porteresia and Prosphytochloa） is not justified;（4） Based on dating using molecular clock approach, it is estimated that Oryza and Leersia branched off from the remaining genera of Oryzeae -20 million years ago, and separated from each other -14 MYA.

目前已有的研究结果表明：稻族是单系类群，可分为两个主要分支，相当于传统的两个亚族（Zizaniinae和Oryzinae），但稻族单性花小穗是多次起源的，不宜作为划分亚族的依据；一些单型属（Hydrochloa、Porteresia和Prosphytochloa）的建立得不到分子证据的支持；根据分子钟原理估计稻族两个主要分支的分歧时间在大约2000万年前，而稻属和近缘属假稻属Leersia的分歧时间为1400万年：稻属内主要类群的分歧时间在900万年前左右。

Rice-growing culture is a culture which formed in a society of growing rice, that is to say, an integration of social activity and cultural life which were based on rice-growing .The culture not included only the techniques and its spread of rice-up growth-and-evolution, but various intellectual norms of civilian life style, religious custom, convenance, as well as cultural mentality, society and aesthetic ideal and so on, which people who grew rice have possessed.

所谓稻作文化即稻作农耕社会形成的文化，亦即因从事稻作生产而产生出来的有关社会生活的、精神生活的综合，它不仅包括有关水稻主体的产生、发展及稻作生产技术传播等一系列问题，而且还包括由稻作生产影响所及的民间生活方式、宗教民俗、礼仪，以及稻作民族特有的文化心态、社会道德、审美理想等诸多精神准则。

Among 3 rice based cropping systems,the total S contents of plough layer in the treatment of rice rice flooded fallow in winter were the highest;those in the treatment of rice rice green manure came the second;those in the treatment of rice rice rape were the lowest.

结果表明，不同稻作制间，耕层土壤全硫含量以稻-稻-冬泡最高，稻-稻-冬绿次之，稻-稻-冬油最低；有效硫含量则以冬绿处理最高，冬泡处理最低；不同有机肥施用水平之间，耕层土壤全硫含量为常量有机肥处理最高，高量有机肥处理居中，化肥处理最低。

The results indicated that: compared with mono-cropping, the mean densities of rice stem borers, leaf roller, rice hoppers and leafhoppers in scale rice-duck farming were decreased by 54.4%, 48.8%, 73.6% and 96.1% respectively, and the rate of diseased plant of sheath blight and rice blast in IF were decreased by 78.9% and 48.5% respectively. Compared with the conventional rice-duck farming, the average densities of rice stem borer, rice leaf roller, rice hoppers and leafhoppers in IF was reduced by 18.2%, 9.5%, 7.0% and 0.82% respectively, and the rate of diseased plant of sheath blight in IF were decreased by 35.5%, unfortunately that of rice blast in IF was increased by 8.0%.

结果表明：规模稻鸭生态种养水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉平均虫量较水稻单一种植分别下降54.4%，48.8%，73.6%和96.1%，纹枯病和稻瘟病病株率分别降低78.9%和48.5%；较常规稻鸭生态种养水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉量分别下降18.2%，9.5%，7.0%和0.82%，纹枯病病株率降低35.5%，稻瘟病病株率升高8.0%。

What are your goals and strategies for growth?

你的成长目标和策略是什么？

And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven irits of God, and the seven star I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.

3：1 你要写信给撒狄教会的使者，说，那有神的七灵和七星的，说，我知道你的行为，按名你是活的，其实是死的。