稀土

The study of this thesis enlarges the application of rare earths metal- samarium in organic synthesis that has quite important meaning for our country having abundant rare earths resources. It promotes to explore the new use of rare earths metals in organic synthesis. There will be a great break in the theory and application of the production of carbene.

通过本研究扩大了稀土金属钐在有机合成中的应用范围，这对于我国具有丰富的稀土资源(贮量占世界总贮量的85%以上，稀土金属产量及质量占世界首位)而言，促进开发稀土金属在有机合成中的新用途，具有十分重要的意义；并在产生卡宾的理论上有所突破，填补了卡宾研究领域的空白，取得一些极具价值的学术成果。

The presence of REE tetrad effects in apatites and whole rocks of S-type granites has been reported by Sha and Chappell (1999) and Zhao et al.(1999), respectively. The REE tetrad effect in minerals, such as apatite, spessartite, beryl, alkali feldspar and spodumene, from all zones of Altay No. 3 pegmatite has been found remarkable, and the fractionations among isovalent incompatible elements in these minerals are also significant. This paper puts forward that the REE tetrad effect is one of the basic features of peraluminous melts and the origin of REE tetrad effect might be probably related to some processes prior to the formation of pegmatite magma. The immiscibile liquid separation between silicate melt and hydrosaline melt may be responsible for it.

由于阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉各带磷灰石以及与其共生的石榴石、绿柱石、碱性长石、锂辉石矿物均存在明显的稀土"四重效应"以及相同电价、相似离子半径的不相容元素间存在显著的分异，并结合最近赵振华等(1999)和Sha and Chappell(1999)报道S型花岗岩全岩和单矿物(磷灰石、独居石、长石、黄玉等)均存在稀土"四重效应"这一现象，本文研究提出，稀土"四重效应"是富挥发分过铝质岩浆体系的一个基本特征，其机制既不可能由含稀土的副矿物早期结晶引起残余熔体相中REE含量变化的结果，也不能定性地归因于流体相与熔体相相互作用过程中稀土元素在流体/熔体之间分异的结果，而很可能与伟晶岩岩浆形成之前某些过程密切相关，S型花岗岩岩浆在液相线以上存在硅酸盐熔体与高盐熔体的不混溶液相分离有可能是过铝质岩浆体系产生稀土"四重效应"的主要原因。

The result showed that the optimal condition of inorgano-absorbent manufacture as following: concentration of vitriol is 15%, the bentonite carrier must be soaked in the 0.4% La(superscript 3+) solution, the pH is 10, microwave radiation power is 340 W for 5 min. The optimal condition of organo-absorbent manufacture process as following: concentration of CTMA is 5%. The rate of wave must 166 W and the time of radiation is 6 mi In addition, the experimental results showed that with inorgano-absorbent the pH number is 3~6 and the reaction time is 45 min, the removal efficiency of phosphor will be up to 99% and the amount of adsorption will be up to 41 mg/g. And with organo-absorbent the pH number is 3~4 and the reaction time is 45 min, the removal efficiency of phosphor is more 30% than that of inorgano-absorbent. The removal efficiency of phosphor will be up to 99% and the number of adsorption will be up to 60 mg/g.

实验表明：①制备无机稀土吸附剂的适宜条件为：硫酸浓度15%，镧浓度0.4%，浸渍pH值10，微波功率340 W，辐射时间为5 min；②制备有机稀土吸附剂的适宜条件为：表面活性剂浸泡浓度为5%，微波功率为166 W，微波辐射时间为6 min；③无机稀土吸附剂当溶液的pH值为3~6，振荡时间为45 min时，对磷去除率为99%以上，吸附量达到了41 mg/g以上，有机稀土吸附剂当溶液的pH为3~4，振荡时间为45 min时，其效果比原来镧改性的无机吸附剂吸附量提高了30%，磷去除率为99%以上，吸附量达到了60 mg/g以上。

In this paper, nanopowders of rare earth oxides and tungsten were prepared and 0-3 type nano-composit rare earth tungsten thermionic emission materials were fabricated with novel technics. The raw material selection, preparation technic parameter, structure, physical and chemical characteristic, the rare earth distribution and the emission behavior were studied. The influence between the active layer and the thermionic emission performance, rare earth elements diffusion and distribution along depth were investigated in detail. The surplus RE formation and the electron transfer were discussed in theoretically. The thermionic emission current density of the single surplus RE on the active layer was educed. We adopted "liquid-liquid mixing, freeze-drying and two stage-reduction" working step firstly to produce the RE-W nanopowders including La-W powder, Ce-W powder and Y-W powder.

本文采用细化显微组织的新工艺，制备了纳米稀土钨粉末和0-3型纳米复合稀土钨热电子发射材料，探讨研究其原料选择、制备工艺及参数、结构特征、物理和化学特性、稀土分布均匀性、以及热电子发射特性；系统研究了稀土元素的高温扩散情况、高温状态下活性层中稀土的纵向深度分布、以及表面活性物质和活性层厚度对热发射性能的作用；从理论上分析阐释了超额稀土的形成及其电子的传递过程；并从理论上推导了活性层中单个超额稀土的热电子发射电流密度。

We review the effect of rare earth ions on bone metabolism as the following three aspects:(1) effect of rare earth ions on differentiation and function expression of osteoblasts and osteoclasts;(2) effect of rare earth ions on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells;(3) effect of rare earth ions on bone mineral phase of animals.

本文回顾了稀土离子对骨代谢影响的研究进展，探讨了其药用和安全性问题，主要从以下三个方面进行综述：(1)稀土离子对成骨细胞和破骨细胞的分化和功能表达的影响；(2)稀土离子对骨髓基质细胞成骨分化和成脂分化的影响；(3)稀土离子对动物骨矿物相的影响。

We review the effect of rare earth ions on bone metabolism as the following three aspects:(1)effect of rare earth ions on differentiation and function expression of osteoblasts and osteoclasts;(2)effect of rare earth ions on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells;(3)effect of rare earth ions on bone mineral phase of animals.

本文回顾了稀土离子对骨代谢影响的研究进展，探讨了其药用和安全性问题，主要从以下三个方面进行综述：(1)稀土离子对成骨细胞细胞和破骨细胞的分化和功能表达的影响；(2)稀土离子对骨髓基质细胞成骨分化和成脂分化的影响；(3)稀土离子对动物骨矿物相的影响。

The results show that REEs oxide have little effect on the decomposition of carbonate and they improve the sinterability of the raw meal;they also promote the formation of alite and growth of clinker minerals,and have beneficial effect on the uniformity of crystal size and well-distributed minerals. But some REEs result in the corrosion of alite when they are excessive,which may influence the hydration reactivity of alite.When clinker is well sintered, REEs oxide and its tailing improve the strength of cement clinker, and have little effect on setting time of cement.

研究结果表明，稀土氧化物对碳酸盐的分解影响不大，对生料的易烧性有改善作用；稀土氧化物能促进熟料中A矿的形成和矿物的发育，有利于熟料中矿物结晶尺寸和分布均匀，但部分稀土在掺量过量时可能造成矿物的熔蚀，影响矿物的水化活性；在煅烧良好的条件下，稀土氧化物和尾矿对熟料强度有增进作用，对水泥凝结时间影响较小。

Occurrence of RE hydride was identified in the Al-Si alloy containing RE andenrichment of hydrogen in polynary RE intermetallic compound was determined by means ofEPMA, secondary ion mass spectrography, Hg-free vacuum drivepipe hydrogen-meter to-gether with metallography and porosity measurement.

采用电子探针、二次离子质谱、无汞真空套管测氢仪等检测手段，并配合金相分析及试样孔隙度的测定，鉴定出含稀土的Al-Si合金中有稀土氢化物的存在，确认在多元稀土金属间化合物中氢的富集，提出稀土具有较强固氢作用的观点。

The characterization of rare earth compound powders,such as rare earth hydroxides,rare earth carbonates,rare earth oxalates and rare earth oxides,are important to the synthesis of rare earth new materials.

稀土粉体(氢氧化稀土、稀土碳酸盐、稀土草酸盐、稀土氧化物和氟化物等)的颗粒性能方面的指标对稀土新材料的开发具有重要意义。

By esterification, saponification, doubledecomposition and formulation, liquid rare earth of monoisooctyl phthalate complex heat stabilizer was prepared with phthalic anhydride, isooctyl alcohol, sodium hydrate, rare earth chloride, mixed solvent and other reagents. The optimum conditions are: the temperature of esterfication is 130～140℃,and the reaction time is 1h. The temperature and time of saponification is 60℃ and 10min respectively. The temperature of double decomposition is 60～70℃,and the reaction ti...

摘 要：以邻苯二甲酸酐、异辛醇、氢氧化钠、氯化稀土、混合溶剂、助剂为原料，通过酯化反应、皂化反应、复分解反应以及复配制备了以邻苯二甲酸单异辛酯稀土为主要成分的液态稀土复合热稳定剂，其工艺条件为：酯化反应的温度控制在 130～ 14 0℃，反应时间为 1h ；皂化反应的温度为 6 0℃，反应时间为 5min ；复分解反应的温度在 6 0～ 70℃，反应时间为 1h ；水洗温度控制在 6 0～ 6 5℃；混合溶剂的用量为 5 0 %，稀土含量为 6 0 3%；在复配过程中，采用亚磷酸酯作为辅助热稳定剂，其用量为 5 %～ 7%，PVC中加入 2 %的这种稀土复合热稳定剂，在185℃下，其热稳定时间为 4 5min。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。