积分的

At the beginning of this thesis, the author gives the definition and the equivalent definition of convex function, and then proves the equivalent relationship between them. Secondly the author proposes the decision theorem of convex function which provides a judgment basis of whether a function is a convex function. Thirdly the author summarizes and proves the convex function's operational, basic, differential and integral property. Finally the author proves several famous convex function inequalities, such as Jensen inequality, Holder inequality, Cauchy inequality. The author also provides the application of these inequalities and illustrates the importance of convex function's basic inequality and integral property in the proving process.

本文开始给出了凸函数的定义及等价定义，并证明了它们之间的等价关系；接着提出了凸函数的判定定理，对一个函数是否是凸函数提供判断依据；然后对凸函数的运算性质、基本性质、微分性质、积分性质四个方面的性质进行了总结，并给予了证明；最后证明了凸函数的几个著名不等式詹森不等式、赫尔德不等式、柯西不等式，给出了这几个不等式的一些应用实例，并举例说明凸函数的基本性质和积分性质在不等式证明过程中的重要作用。

By applying a fixed pointed theorem for condesing maps, the sufficient conditions of controllability are given. This method is based on integral expression of solutions, the problem can be converted info fixed point problem of single-valued integral operators.

利用凝聚映射的不动点定理给出了一类发展包含的可控性的充分条件，处理问题的方法是基于解的积分表示，将所讨论的问题转化为集值积分算子的不动点问题。

Our conclusion is : For general transport equation and some special transport equations (slab geometry, spherical symmetry, pillar symmetry) we can evaluate some relevant physical quantities and geometrical properties from the exiting photon flux. The method we will use is to transform the transport equation into integral equation by integrating it along its characteristics, then we prove the nonlinear operator K is monotone and continuous with respect to its arguments and obtain the existence of K~-1. Consequently, we can evaluate some relevant physical quantities and geometrical property of the medium.

我们得到的结论是：无论对于一般的迁移方程，还是当介质具有某种对称性时(板对称、球对称、柱对称)的迁移方程，我们都可以根据泄漏的光子流估计介质各种相关物理量和几何特性，所用方法都是将迁移方程通过沿特征线积分转化为积分方程的形式，然后证明非线性算子K关于自变量的单调性和连续性，从而得到逆算子K~(-1)存在，进而达到估计介质各种相关物理量和几何特性的目的。

In the second chapter the theory of weighted residual technique is illustrated and the boundary integral function of the potential problem is deduced by it. Method of obtaining Greens function fundamental solution is presented. It also illustrates how to deal with inhomogeneous regions and the third boundary condition. At last the numerical solution of boundary integral function is presented.

第二章首先说明了加权余量法的原理，并由此推出了势问题的边界元积分方程，还介绍了无限域中格林函数的基本解的求法，以及多介质域和第三类边界条件的处理方法，最后说明了边界积分方程的数值解法。

In the process of analytical solution, the divergent item can be give up according to the physical meaning of the solution. But there is no chance to give up the divergent item in the step-by-step integration method. This is why the numerical solution is unstable.

在比较了含有此发散项的该通解的数值结果与平均常加速度法的计算结果后，发现它们是一致的，从而找到了逐步积分法不稳定的原因，即逐步积分法不能避开方程解集中的不稳定子集（从而导致了一种发散性的不稳定）。

The results of numerical analysis show that the elastic modular and the poisson ratio have no effect on two-dimensional bearing capacity, but can affect the ultimate bearing capacity of three-dimensional foundations and control the convergence and precision of finite element calculation; the earth pressure coefficient controls the geostatic stress of foundation, sequentially affects the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations and the convergence of numerical calculation. When calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of undrained saturated foundation, the complete formulation exists shear locking, and reduce formulation exists hourglassing, so the hybrid formulation is suitable to imitate the geomaterial. When the soil obeys nonrelevent flow rule, the yielding function is different from potential function, and the elastic-plastic matrix of soil is asymmetric, so the unsymmetry numerical solver and appropriate finite element mesh is required.

研究结果表明，土体弹性模量和泊松比对二维基础极限承载力没有影响，但是影响着三维矩形基础的极限承载力，控制着ABAQUS数值算法的计算精度与收敛速度；地基土压力系数控制着地基土体中的地应力平衡，从而影响着二维条形基础和三维矩形基础的极限承载力和地基破坏包络面；对于不排水饱和软黏土地基，常规的完全积分单元会造成剪力自锁现象，而减缩积分单元则存在过于柔化的现象，故采用杂交单元来模拟较合适；当土体服从非关联流动法则时，屈服函数与塑性势函数之间存在差异，从而导致土体弹塑性矩阵呈现非对称性，在有限元计算中必须采用非对称数值解法，并且合理地划分单元才能对极限承载力进行准确求解。

The bending problem of simple-supported parallelogrammic plates on Winkler foundation is reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by applying Green quasifunction method. The Green quasifunction is set up by using the fundamental solution of Poisson equation and the normalized boundary equation.

应用准格林函数方法，即利用方程的基本解和规范化的边界方程构造一个准格林函数，将Winkler地基上简支平行四边形薄板的弯曲问题化为两个耦合的第二类Fredholm积分方程，此积分方程的核表示式在区域的边界上具有奇异性。

With B-spline basis set, a new method for double-electron atomic systems in uniform intermediated magnetic fields is given.

运用B样条方法，我们发展了一套适合处理中等强度磁场下的双电子原子体系的新方法，在这一方法中，所有的矩阵元计算都只包括解析积分和一维数值积分，使得计算变得简单，所得到的结果比普遍的球坐标和柱坐标中的展开方法所得的结果要好。

through making use of the reciprocal statistical fluctuation and the confirmed experimental data of the mass and charge of bose hadrons,to improve the research of the mass effect of the high order integral calculus connection of hadrons multiple number distribution.

本文通过利用bose强子的倒易统计起伏和质量与电荷证认数据来改进构造多重数分布的高阶积分关联的质量效应的研究，不仅质量效应被明显地揭示出来，而且说明高阶关联的实验数据，积分关联参数、奇斜度、峭度和统计矩是质量效应的理论基础，同时半群对称性的兰道不等式也得到了实验的支持。

A detailed model of non-linear parametric excitation vibration coupling the stay cable and the girder, in which the static sag as well as the geometric non-linearity are considered, is proposed in this paper. Based on several numeric examples investigated by the Galerkin method composed with the integration strategy, several kinds of factors effecting stay cable parameter vibration are studied. Another parameter vibration model by the axial excitation is presented and the corresponding nonlinear equations are derived. The smallest excitation amplitude,the transient state and steady state resonance amplitudes, and the changing characteristics of the axial force are obtained by using harmonic balance method. According to numerical examples calculated by numerical integration method, the effects of the inner damping of the stay cables are investigated.

本文创新地提出了斜拉桥拉索-桥面耦合参数振动模型，推导了索-桥耦合非线性参数振动方程组，联合Galerkin法及数值积分方法，对各种特性的拉索进行了数值求解，得出了影响拉索参数振动的各种因素；提出了斜拉索受轴向端激励参数振动模型，导出了模型的非线性振动方程，使用谐波平衡法得出了产生参数振动需要的最小激励幅值、共振时瞬态及稳态的振动幅值及索拉力的变化特性，并用数值积分方法对实际斜拉桥拉索进行了计算，分析了拉索阻尼对参数振动的影响。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。