积分的

New boundary integral equations for the torsion problem of an isotropic bar with curvilinear cracks are derived by using integration by parts and other techniques to the traditional boundary integral formulations. And the boundary integral equations for the torsion problem of an anisotropic bar with curvilinear cracks are also derived by using the isotropicalized boundary element method. Then the anisotropic problem can be solved on the base of the boundary element method of isotropic problem.

然后用各向同性化方法，将各向异性材料裂纹柱体的扭转问题转化为各向同性材料的问题，在各向同性材料裂纹柱体扭转问题的新的边界积分方程的基础上，推导出了适用于各向异性材料裂纹柱体扭转问题的边界积分方程，然后按已推导出的各向同性问题的边界元法求解。

The Neumann boundary value prob-lem is firstly reduced into the equivalent natural boundary integral equation withthe kernel possessing 2nd-order singularity,and then the corresponding variationalproblem on the boundary is obtained.By applying Quak trigonometric wavelet basisBjsee(1.2.3as boundary elements and the method of expanding kernel functionto its Galerkin discretization,we obtain simple computational formulae of the en-tries in the stiffness matrix.

首先，我们将Neumann边值问题归化为等价的带有2阶强奇性核的自然边界积分方程，然后化为边界上相应的变分形式，以Hermite插值Quak三角小波基Bj见(1.2.3作为边界元并利用积分核函数展开法将其离散，得到了十分简单的刚度矩阵系数的计算公式，而且刚度矩阵具有十分简单的形式，它是分块循环对角阵。

Servo controller is key part of antenna control system.In some servo controller,classic PID control algorithm is adopted. In order to improve precision of control system,the integral parameter has been turned too big to use because it will cause integral saturation which depress system performance.On the other hand,ISA bus is used to communicate between servo controller and main computer.ISA is low speed interface protocol,it cannot provide more data for complicated real time position control in servo controller.

伺服控制器是天线伺服控制系统的核心环节，经典的PID控制算法在整定时整定出的积分环节参数较大，很容易出现积分饱和，造成控制精度的降低；另一方面伺服系统中伺服控制器与主控计算机通过低速的ISA总线进行通信，无法满足控制器进行复杂的位置控制运算所要求的实时大信息量的数据传输。

A program based on four kinds of methods in thermal analysis is designed for finding out the mechanism of decomposition reaction of explosives and calculating their kinetic parameters. Compared with the Kissinger's method, the program here adopted has the advantage of exploring the reaction mechanism besieds a calculation of the kinetic parameters. Mechanism of decomposition of the explosive PYX was determined applying this program. The kinetic parameters of PYX calculated by non-isothermal integral meth...

以热分析理论为依据，摒弃了以往仅用一种热分析法进行反应动力学研究和近似假设─—炸药的热分解反应机理f＝（1—α）n所带来的弊病，采取4种热分析方法（等温积分法、等温微分法、非等温微分法、非等温积分法）相结合的方法，编制了计算程序，首先判断反应机理，然后求取动力学参数，用所编程序对PYX炸药的反应动力学进行了研究，用非等温法判断了PYX炸药的反应机理，并求得动力学参数，所求参数与Kissinger法求得的结果十分接近。

In study of the truss structural dynamic characteristics analysis, randomness of the structural physical parameters and geomtric ones are all considered. The finite element model of the stochastic truss is built and the random functions of its natural frequencies are obtained by use of the Rayleigh quotient. Employing probabilistic distribution function expression for the random functions, through a series of mathematical processing including determination of limits of integrals, variable substitution etc., the probaabilistic density function for the truss natural frequencies are gained to realige accurate calculation for the reliability of the truss natural frequencies.

考虑结构物理参数和几何参数的随机性，通过构建随机参数桁架结构的有限元模型，利用瑞利商公式获得了结构固有频率随机函数的计算表达式，应用随机函数的概率分布函数表达式，通过确定积分区间、变量替换、积分顺序变换等一系列数学上的处理，获得结构固有频率的概率密度函数，进而实现对结构固有频率可靠度的精确计算。

(1)The levels of MCP-1 and VEGF'levels was significant increased in CHD patients,Compared with controls, It was implicated that they might take part in the actions of informing atherosderotic plaques;(2)The serum level of MCP-1 and VEGF were elavated step by stey among the group of controls、SAP、UAP、AMI, It was thought they might develop the matter on the stability of atherosderotic plaques;(3)The serum level of MCP-1 and VEGF were positive correlated with 7-TIMI risk score, It prompt that MCP-1 and VEGF was the reactiveness markers of coronary artery process ,and developed the risk to major acute cardiac events.

(1)血清MCP-1、VEGF水平在冠心病患者中显著升高，提示MCP-1、VEGF可能在促进冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的过程中起重要作用；(2)血清MCP-1、VEGF水平在对照组、各冠心病亚组(SAP、UAP、AMI组)之间逐级升高，提示MCP-1、VEGF可能增加了冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性；(3)联合检测MCP-1、VEGF的灵敏度\特异度上升，证明临床上联合检测二者血清指标意义大；并且血清MCP-1、VEGF水平和7-TIMI积分呈正相关性，7-TIMI积分高的患者血清MCP-1、VEGF水平也高，说明它们能作为冠脉病变的活动性标志物，可能成为评价主要心血管恶性事件的危险性的相关指标。

We discovered that the referral reasonable price was larger when using AHP in the analysis process due to that the factors of affecting technology value were related to each other. Furthermore, it was reflected actual condition comparatively with using FIM to adjust technology price since it considered reciprocal relation among factors.

模糊积分法则较适合运用於买卖双方考虑彼此损益下的技术移转价值的评估，而两种方法所得的区间即为厂商合理的技术价格区间，而模糊积分法修正过后的技术价格因有考量到因素间的关联性影响，所以较能反映实际的情况。

Firstly, based on the Duhamel integral and dynamic reciprocity theorem, the generalized Duhamel integral expression is written to a point in the half infinity space under moving load. Secondly, the train load is considered as a series of centralized loads with fixed distance. The dynamic response expression of a point in frequency domain and frequencywavenumber domain are derived out through the Floquet transform and Fourier transform under a moving load, and then the dynamic response of a point is gotten ...

以Duhamel积分为基础，首先应用动力互等定理，得到了移动荷载作用下，半无限大弹性连续介质空间上任意点的动力响应的广义Duhamel积分表达式；然后将列车荷载简化考虑为一系列具有一定间距的集中荷载，采用Floquet变换、Fourier变换等方法，得到了一个集中移动荷载作用下任意拾振点ξ的动力响应在频域和频率波数域内的表达式，进而由叠加原理得到列车荷载作用下的动力响应解；最后，通过算例说明该算法的适用性。

Using the characteristic of the regular curve boundary for a bending plate in engineering,the analytic integral formulae of assistant states in boundary element method with the linear element for a Kirchhoff circular plate are introduced and the systematic equation of BEM is established in this paper.

利用一般弯曲薄板边界为规则曲线的特点，对工程常用的圆形弯曲薄板，采用线性单元，导出K irchhoff圆板各辅助态的边界积分解析表达式，建立问题的边界元法系统方程，从而使薄板的边界元分析完全避免通常使用的高斯积分，明显提高计算精度。

The advantages and limitations of every kind of methods for calculating the failure probability is reviewed. The frist order reliability method, the second order reliability method and many kinds of boundary method have achieved remarkable success and formed nature fields of reliability. However, the precision of these methods decrease as the increase of complexity of problem. The numrical methods are versatile, except numerical intergration is only adaptable to special problems which have small number variables and regular intergral domain. Particularly, the advanced variance reduction techniques own the following character: high precision and a small amount computation. But some questions remain to study in the future because only an initial work about these techniqes is developed.

全面评述了计算失效概率各种方法的优点和局限性，其中经典的解析法包括一次可靠性方法、二次可靠性方法、一阶边界法、Vanmarcke上边界、PENT上边界和Ditlevsen二阶窄边界法，这些方法对于多设计点、变量较多且相关、密度函数不是正态以及极限状态方程较复杂的情况，其计算精度较差；而已有的数值方法却是具有较好的通用性，其中除数值积分法只对变量较少、积分域较规则的特殊问题适用外，各种数值模拟方法均具有较广的适应性，特别是各种改进的方差减小技术，精度高、计算量小，但由于其处在研究的初级阶段，还有许多问题有待于解决。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。