积分的

Then the boundary element integral equation of interior and exterior form is deduced in detail, also the form with corner coefficient. The significance for numerical calculation and principle of the singular integral is analyzed, and a non-isoparametric transformation method is presented to calculate weak singular integral and Cauchy integral, the method presented provides us a very simple way to computer the two kinds of singular integral of Helmholtz boundary integral equation, and it is easy to program in computer. After the difficulty of the calculation for multi-frequency of Helmholtz boundary element is explained, a method named SECHIEF (Series Expansion Combined Helmholtz Integral Equation Formulation), which is focused on the computational efficiency, is presented.

对结构声辐射的边界积分方程的内部形式与外部形式进行了详细的推导，给出了角点系数的计算方法与边界积分方程的形式，在此基础上，分析了奇异积分产生的原理及其对数值计算的重要性，提出了一种计算奇异积分的非等参(来源：Ae8a8BC论文网www.abclunwen.com)单元的变换方法，该方法给Helmholtz 声学边界积分方程中的弱奇异积分与Cauchy 奇异积分的计算以及编程提供了极大便利。

Based the new definition of double chord-power intergral which the pair of lines intersect the convex body in integral geometry, this paper studies the relationship of double chord-power intergral and chord-power intergral.

本文给出了积分几何中的最新定义：随机直线偶与凸体相交的双弦幂积分概念，利用积分几何的分析方法，研究了双弦幂积分的对称性，次可加性等性质及双弦幂积分与弦幂积分的相互关系。

This curriculum primary coverage includes: Function and limit, a circular function derivative and differential, theorem of mean and derivative application, indefinite integral, definite integral, definite integral application, space analytic geometry and vector algebra, function of many variables differential method and application, multiple integral, curvilinear integral and surface integral, infinite series, differential equation.

该课程的主要内容有：函数与极限，一元函数的导数与微分，中值定理与导数的应用，不定积分，定积分，定积分的应用，空间解析几何和向量代数，多元函数微分法及其应用，重积分，曲线积分与曲面积分，无穷级数，微分方程。

The nonsingular integrals are popularly calculated by the Gauss numerical integral, and they are low in precision when the source points approach the element, and the singular integrals are complex.

非奇异积分一般采用数值积分，当配置点接近积分单元时，计算精度较低，奇异积分的计算也很复杂。

By means of traditional criterions of generalized integral's convergence and divergence, this paper, from the analysis of integrated function's nature, discovers a series of new criterions, which are briefer and more suitable: on the aspect of generalized integral for functions of a single variable, through the investigation of integrated function, together with the inner relationship between positive series and generalized integral in infinite interval under the condition of positive function, it gives several criterions of generalized integral's convergence and divergence, which are similar to positive series' criterions of convergence and divergence.

本文从分析被积函数本身所具的性质出发，借助传统的广义积分敛散性判别方法，发现1系列更简捷适用的新判别方法：单变量函数广义积分方面，通过考察被积函数，结合正项级数与正函数情形下无穷区间上广义积分的内在联系，给出了几个与正项级数敛散性判别法相类似的广义积分敛散性判别方法；多变量函数广义积分方面，着重讨论了广义2重积分和广义3重积分，结合被积函数的特点，运用比较判别法和柯西判别法，本文给出了判别广义2重积分收敛的1种新方法。

Limits, Continuity, Derivatives, and Integration of Single Variable, Integration Techniques, Applications of Derivatives and Integrals, Infinite Sequences and Series, Multivariable Function and Their Derivative, Multiple Integrals, Integration in Vector Fields.

课程内容：单变数函数之极限、连续、微分、积分，积分技巧，微分与积分的应用，无穷数列与级数，多变数函数之偏微分、可微性，多重积分，极值问题，向量场积分。

The objective of this study is aimed at the implementation of parallelized numerical quadrature routines. The algorithm we choose for numerical quadrature routines is the so called "Adaptive Romberg Tree integration scheme"(abbr."ARTint") proposed by Lin et. al.[1997]. This numerical quadrature scheme can arrange the function evaluation points adaptively in accordance with characteristic of the trend of variation in integrand function values. When the accuracy of the numerical quadrature value is requested to be increased, a newer and larger set of function evaluation points must be incurred. The main advantage of ARTint method is the inclusion of all function evaluation points used in previous stages. It is this feature of ARTint method that makes it a quadratue scheme with prominent computation efficiency.

本研究在探讨数值积分程式之平行化，所使用的演算法为林聪悟与林佳慧[1997]一书所提出的「Romberg树自动布点数值积分」架构，此一数值积分方法能以适应被积函数值变化情形方式自动安排积分点来进行数值求积计算，在提高阶数以获得更高精度积分值的过程中，此一方法只须再计算新增加积分点的函数值，搭配先前已计算过的函数值的重覆运用即可获得更精确的数值积分估计值，如此将能减少升阶过程中函数求值计算的次数，有效率地完成单重积分的数值计算。

The results show that mechanical heterogeneity has great influence on the J-integral of welded joint containing transverse crack. The J-integral on the path cross the interface between welded joint and base metal is higher than the J-integral on the paths in the weld metal for undermatched joint,while the J-integral on the path cross the interface between weld metal and base metal is lower than the J-integral on the paths in the weld metal for overmatched joint. Moreover,the difference of J-integral values increases with the increasing of the load and strength mismatching difference and the path-enclosed length of interface between weld metal and base metal.

计算结果表明：力学不均匀性对含横向裂纹焊接接头的J积分有重要影响，低匹配焊接接头中积分路径穿越焊缝与母材界面的J积分值高于积分路径在焊缝内的J积分值，高匹配焊接接头中积分路径穿越焊缝与母材界面的J积分值低于积分路径在焊缝内的J积分值；载荷越大，焊缝与母材的强度差别越大；积分路径中包含的焊缝与母材界面长度越大，J积分的差值越大。

This paper presents an alternative way to transform the double integral in elasticity problem on 3-d into the linear integrals on the boundary of each subdomain, so that all the singular integrals and nonsingular integrals are calculated by analytical method.

采用积分区域变换和高斯定理，将三维弹性问题的二维积分化为一维积分，使奇异积分和非奇异积分能使用精确积分的方法计算，为边界元奇异积分的计算和处理提供了新的思路。

Conditions of integral chain can be closed.

基于函数S粗集和F粗积分，本文研究粗积分的动态特征，定义粗积分链和粗积分环的概念，给出上积分链，下积分链定理，粗积分链定理，以及积分链的存在性定理，讨论了积分链的可闭条件，得到积分环定理，粗积分环定理。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。