积分变量

Firstly, the quantum Poincar?-Cartan integral invariant for the system with finite freedom is developed.

首先，研究了有限自由度系统的量子Poincaré-Cartan积分不变量。

In a series of problem in probability calculation need for understanding the signification of integral variable and using graphical representation as an assistant tool.

在概率的一系列计算问题中，需要准确认识积分中变量的意义和利用图示作为辅助工具。

"The term, sometimes used interchangeably with "antidifferentiation, is indicated symbolically with the integral sign ∫.

这个用语有时与「反微分」交互使用，以积分符号∫来表示(微分dx通常接着指出x是变量)。

In the case of simply supported ends, the Galerkin method is used to simplify the integro-partial-differential equation into an integro -differential equation. The equation is further simplified into a set of ordinary differential equations by introducing an additional variable. Finally, the numerical methods in modern nonlinear dynamics such as phase plane trajectory, power spectrum and Lyapunov exponents are adopted to investigate the dynamical behavior of the beam.

对于两端简支的情形，采用Galerkin方法简化为常微分－积分方程；然后通过引进附加变量的方法进一步简化为常微分方程；最后利用相平面图、功率谱和Lyapunov指数等非线性动力学中的数值方法识别梁的动力学行为。

Using additional variable, a common dynamic reliability system is described by generalized semi-Markov process , and then the second Fred. Holm linear integral equation of lifetime process is obtained.

利用补充变量方法把一般的可靠性系统推广为广义半马尔可夫系统；利用广义半马尔可夫系统的积分模型，建立了描述一般可靠性系统寿命过程的第二类Fred。

For the joint density function of 2-D continuous random variables, a new function can be obtained by upper limit-variable integral, and then, by normalization of the new function according to the property of density functions, a general marginal density function was constructed.

对二维连续型随机变量的联合密度函数，在一定要求下变上限积分得到新函数，依据密度函数性质进行规范化，从而构造出一个广义的边缘密度函数。

By use of the referential variables and perturbational variables the medium parameters of wave equation were rewritten.

利用参考场量和扰动变量对声波方程中的介质参数进行处理，并利用Green函数理论得到扰动参数比的积分方程。

Under the limiting constrained conditions, an attempt to improve ship hull form of minimized wavemaking resistance is described by taking improved Michell integration as an object function and UV as an optimized design variable that is a mapping transformation function for the harmonizing and the fairing of the form variation.

在极限约束条件下，基于船体型值与UV度的映射函数，用UV度作为优化设计变量，以改进的Michel积分为目标函数，求得具有很好的协调性和工程光顺性的最小兴波阻力船型。

The sensitivity of displacement with respect to design variables was compared to the approximate explicit form given by Mohr integration.

将响应面方法计算的位移对设计变量的敏度与莫尔积分方法的近似显式进行了对比。

This method can be used to solve both linear and nonlinear staticand dynamic problems. Astringency of Neumann series expansion to solve nonlinearproblems is proved and a method to improve the convergence and enhance efficiencyis presented.

算例表明了该方法具有较高精度和良好的应用潜力。2 结构可靠性研究在最大熵法中需求解的随机变量的矩约束积分方程组具有高度非线性，通常的非线性方程组的求解方法不能收敛。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。