积分变量

As the center or the Algebra subalgebra of a algebra plays an important role in reducing the number of state variables, the cartan subalgebra is a maximum Abelian subalgebra of an algebra, so it can be a powerful tool for the structure simplification of control systems.

由于代数的中心，或交换子代数在系统的变量降低方面具有重要作用，而Cartan子代数是李代数的极大交换子代数，因而它能成为简化系统结构的有力工具，第二部分利用向量场的积分曲线所定义的映射，构造出一个S—坐标，在该坐标下任一向量场都有一个标准的表示方法，一种无穷级数表示方法。

The yellow lead making process is essentially a subject with multivariable coupling, double integral action, and nonminimun phase characteristics.

铅粉机是一个多变量耦合的、具有双重积分和本质非最小相位特性的对象。

We also give the theoretical error result of antithetic variable Monte Carlo method for multi-variable functions whose degree is no more than two.

对次数不高于2的多变量函数，AMC方法其误差阶是O，但其系数比原始蒙特卡罗积分方法的误差阶的系数小。

The relationship between transient response and shape design variables is highly non-linear, and the behavior of feasible domains is often not good, which may cause convergence difficulties. In order to improve convergence speed of iteration process, some algorithms the feasible domains adjusting, the adaptive move limit, the approximate line search and the approximate reanalysis, are adopted.

采用基于Newmark积分的直接求导法计算瞬态响应灵敏度，在序列二次规划算法中采用了可行域调整、近似—维搜索、自适应运动极限等改进技术，提高求解效率和收敛稳定性，以解决结构动态响应与设计变量的关系复杂、高度非线性，优化可行区域的性态不良等问题。

Secondly, a asymptotic approximation formula of structurefailure probability is presented in generalized stochastic space with correlatedrandom variables by the asymptotic method of Laplace integral, by which the failureprobability and risk analysis on the chamfered vertical breakwater have been done.

其次，利用Laplace型积分的渐近计算方法，还推导出了广义随机空间相关荷载变量作用下结构失效概率的一个新的渐近计算公式，并依此算法对削角直立堤进行失效概率的计算以及风险评估。

By taking the energy integral as Lyapunov function,it is proved that nonlinear transverse vibrations of the beam undergoing uniform extension or retrieval are stable when there are not controlling moment in the central rigid body and driving force on the beam,according to the partial stable theorem.

利用能量积分构造Lyapunov函数，根据部分变量稳定性定理，证明了当中心刚体无控制力矩，附件驱动力为零时，梁在等速伸展或收缩时的横向非线性振动是稳定的。

By taking the energy integral as Lyapunov function, it is proved that nonlinear transverse vibrations of the beam undergoing uniform extension or retrieval are stable when there are not controlling moment in the central rigid body and driving force on the beam, according to the partial stable theorem.

利用能量积分构造Lyapunov函数，根据部分变量稳定性定理，证明等速伸展或收缩梁的横向非线性振动稳定。

Line integral s are used extensively in the theory of functions of a complex variable.

在复变量函数理论中广泛使用线积分。

The results of numerical experiments, using the four-dimensional variational data assimilation system of the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5, show that: the tangent linear model and adjoint model conducted by keeping the "on-off" switches the same as the basic state, can provide a good approximation of the first-order information to the NLM perturbation and a good descent direction for the minimization procedure; switching on and off at every other time step in the Kuo cumulus parameterization scheme don"t impact the convergence rate of cost function; the existence of the switches don"t impact improvement to the MM5 model rainfall prediction because that not only specific humidity ,but also wind, temperature and pressure are assimilated into the model.

非静力中尺度数值模式MM5的四维变分资料同化系统进行的数值试验结果表明："开关"变量保持与基态一致，所构造的切向线性模式能够提供关于非线性模式扰动的一阶近似，伴随模式所计算的梯度值能够为最小化过程提供较好的下降方向；郭氏降水参数化方案中对流每隔一个积分步的交替发生并不影响目标函数最小化的收敛速度；"开关"变量的存在也不影响将风、温度、气压和比湿结合起来同化对MM5降水预报准确性的提高。

Since the stresses and strains at all sample points over the loading history are computed independently, the propagation of cumulative errors at the system stage is reduced in essence.

在单元特性分析阶段，新算法将在荷载空间内同时确定广义应力及广义应变的双变量问题变为对已知的广义应力自变量进行定积分的单变量问题。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新