科学认识

Newton to humanity's contribution is huge, just like Engels said:"Newton as a result of invented law of universal gravitation to establish the science astronomy; As a result of has carried on the light decomposition, but established the science optics; As a result of established the binomial theorem and the infinite theory established the science mathematics; As a result of has known the strength essence, but established the science mechanics".

牛顿对人类的贡献是巨大的，正如恩格斯所说："牛顿由于发明了万有引力定律而创立了科学的天文学；由于进行了光的分解，而创立了科学的光学；由于创立了二项式定理和无限理论而创立了科学的数学；由于认识了力的本质，而创立了科学的力学"。

Naturalistic philosophy of science is a view of inquiring into the method of scientific study as a naturalistic phenomenon, by neans of practical work of scientists, namely recognizing and grasping scientific development process according to naturalistic course.

自然主义科学哲学把科学看成是一种自然现象，强调通过科学家的实际工作来探讨科学研究的方法，即按照自然过程去认识和把握科学的发展历程。

From the macrospore point of view, the practicality, systematization and protracted nature of the cognitive ability reforming society should be held; while, from the microcosmic point of view, the main problem is to make the cognitive structure of the subject reformed and optimized.

从宏观上来说，应该坚持认识能力改造的社会实践性、系统性和长期性；从微观上说，主要就是使主体认识结构得到改造和优化，笔者在对哲学史上关于主体认识结构理论的探讨做出评析和思辨基础上指出，认识能力的有效改造主要是做到：知识的积累与创新，创新思维的培养与使用，非理性因素的科学引导与利用，理性与非理性的合理互动。

Howerver, with our greater dependence of modern science on scientific apparatus and our deeper understanding in scientific research action, the above view is challenged by social construction program, technology criticism, technology phenomenalism and practice of using scientific apparatus.

但是，随着近现代科学研究对于科学仪器的依赖程度不断加强，以及人们对于科学研究活动认识的不断深入，对科学仪器的简单的工具定位受到了来自社会建构纲领、技术批判理论、技术现象学和仪器应用实践的挑战。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows:①reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept "sustainable development", stated and commented the study status in queue on"sustainable development"around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept "sustainable development";②looked back and commented across-the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings;③expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory;④thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the MATLAB software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the B-J method and Morte-Carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources;⑤synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality;⑥analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows: correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows: the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water-saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology;⑦scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy;⑧point out the more directions on groundwater resources.

它将为制定水资源的可持续发展目标和战略决策提供科学依据，为制定社会、经济可持续发展战略提供理论基础。基于以上考虑，论文主要从以下几方面对地下水资源可持续开发问题进行了比较深入的探讨：①全面回顾了&可持续发展&概念的由来与演变，对国内外&可持续发展&的研究现状进行了述评，并对&可持续发展&概念的科学内涵进行了深入探讨；②对涉及地下水资源的一些最基本的概念和命题进行了全面的回顾和评述，对目前仍然存在的一些错误观点和混乱认识提出了自己的见解；③全面阐述了地下水资源变值系统理论的内容和意义，并与传统的地下水资源计算评价方法进行了对比分析，结合实例具体说明了方法的应用；④深入分析了地下水资源预测预报工作的极端重要性和复杂性，对传统的地下水资源动态预测方法进行了全面的评述，指出了各类预测预报方法的特点及适用条件，对最近二十多年刚发展起来的小波分析技术的主要思想和方法及其应用范围，以及号称第五代计算机语言的MATLAB软件和附带的小波分析工具箱进行了介绍，并应用于地下水动态过程线的分析，采用时间序列中的B-J法，蒙特卡罗方法，与地下水资源变值系统理论相结合，探讨了地下水动态资料分析和地下水资源预测预报的新思路；⑤综合分析了现今各类地下水管理模型的特点及缺陷，将数学规划、数理统计、随机过程等与地下水变值系统理论相结合进行地表水地下水或多水源的联合优化调度，使模型更准确、更实用；⑥对保证地下水资源可持续开发的内部条件和外部条件进行了分析，内部条件主要是正确的资源观，科学的资源计算与评价方法，可靠的资源预测预报技术，可操作的资源管理措施，外部条件主要是高层发展思路、管理体制的变革、配套的政策法规、经济杠杆的调节、人文素质的提高、节水意识的增强及具体节水措施、人口增长的控制、水体污染的防治、生态的恢复和重建等；⑦从宇宙科学、地球系统科学及哲学的高度审视地下水资源的可持续开发；⑧指出了地下水资源可持续开发的进一步研究方向。

He explained relevant clauses in Canon of Moism by referring to the theory of Western logic and Indian classical logic so that he could rather sufficiently revealed the logical meaning of many basic concept and propositions in Canon of Moism. Moreover his method had a great effect on the contemporary and following researchers of Chinese logical history.The fourth part is concluding remarks.

其次，正确运用逻辑方法深入地挖掘中国古代的逻辑思想，正确认识中国逻辑的特点，确立中正确认识中国逻辑的特点，确立中国古代逻辑在世界逻辑史上的地位，并通过中外逻辑思想的对比分析，找出我国逻辑科学发展中存在的问题及其原因，以推动我国逻辑科学的更大发展。

According to the analysis of the documents of both the ancient time and nowadays,the course which mankind recognises geographic entity starts with individuality and studies on each individuality's spatial relationship,and then discloses the entity's forms, connections and properties. The course of cognition develops just from toponomy to maps, till geography. The original relationships disclosed these...

根据古今文献记载的分析，人类认识地理实体的过程是由个体开始，继而研究各别个体的空间关系，进而揭示实体的构成、联系和性质，这一认识过程正好是由地名到地图再到地理；由其产生的渊源关系也揭示出三者皆是共同研究人类赖以生存的地理环境的科学，故都是组成地理科学的成员

Intuitionism admits valuation's cognitive essence, but attributes the truth of valuation to the intuition, which easily leads to relativism and occultism; emotionalism denies the cognitive essence of valuation and dispels its truth, which sounds unreasonable; prescriptivism tacitly approve the cognitive essence of valuation, hide the truth of valuation, which is contradictory in its method and its theory; the foregoing naturalism understands the cognitive essence and truth of evaluation from the angle of experience, which is rather scientific.

直觉主义承认评价的认识本质，但将评价的真理性诉诸直觉，容易导致神秘主义和相对主义；情感主义否认评价的认识本质进而消解评价的真理性，其论据是不成立的；规定主义默认评价的认识本质，隐匿评价的真理性，其方法和理论之间存在矛盾；刘易斯以前的自然主义从经验角度理解评价的认识本质和真理性，是比较科学的。

The college student should learn to realize and remember how much of real value science has found in this wide, confused wilderness and how often scientific discoveries turned out to be rediscoveries of what had existed in this wilderness ago.

大学生应该学会去认识并且记住：在这个广阔的、令人迷惑的知识荒原中，有多少具有真实价值的东西是靠科学发现的，又有多少科学发现最终被发现只不过是对以往认识的一种再发现而已。

Separate from 提取,摄取 to separate good plants from wild weeds 由句中的this代替做主语 The college student should learn to realize and remember how much of real value science has found in this wide, confused wilderness and how often scientific discoveries turned out to be rediscoveries of what had existed in this wilderness ago.

大学生们应该学着去认识和牢记有太多有真正有价值的科学来自于广泛，繁多的习俗经验，并且有太多次的科学发现原来是过去的习俗经验的重新认识。在这里把wilderness意译作前文一直提到的&过去的习俗经验& turn out to be结果是。。。；原来是。。。；证明是。。。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。