科学研究

The author first traces the evolution of the practice and theory of multiculturalism, delineating its course from an assimilationist approach that aimed at the perpetuation, transmission, and promotion of the cultural beliefs of the dominant community to an integrationist approach that aimed for equal opportunity within a culturally diverse and mutually tolerant society to cultural pluralism, which accepts and actively promotes diversity.

多元文化科学教育是在多元文化教育理论的框架里发展起来的一个新的分支研究领域，因而它是科学教育理论和实践的重要组成部分。目前，多元文化科学教育的知识体系还不够完善。从已有的知识体系来看，多元文化科学教育包括人们对少数民族群体特征的认识和对其文化与科学的理解。

Being a participant of the TCM industry, we have the responsibility and obligation to increase the research and development of TCM. We need to overcome the insufficiency of TCM with scientific approach, to employ scientific language for TCM terminology, and to use scientific tools for TCM development. We need to improve TCM with the modern manufacture process, planting, marketing, and management, to continue work on the improvement of TCM and to break the bottle neck of progress. Our generation should work hard on TCM development and have the grand vision to push TCM into the international market.

作为产业的从业者，我们有责任和义务加大对中医药的开发和研究，克服中医药自身的一些不足，用科学的方法研究中医药，用科学的语言表达中医药，用科学的手段发展中医药，用现代化的生产、种植、销售、管理来为中医药的不断进步做出自己应有的贡献，打破中医药发展中的一些瓶颈问题，为中医药走出国门，走向世界做出我们这一代人应尽的努力。

section summarizes simply innovations and inadequacies in this dissertation,specially,it introduces Lyotardpragmatic thought,who defends the legitimacy of scientific knowledge in using the methods and idea of pragmatics,reinterprets modern scientific crisis,social variation and cultural symptoms,and holds extricating the right of legitimacy from metanarrative ,deciding it through gamers and discourser,then,setting up a foundation for legitimacy of scientific knowledge.This inspires the new study about scientific rhetoric.

结语部分简单总结了本论文在写作上创新的地方和不足之处，特别是着重介绍了利奥塔把语用学的方法和观念运用于辩护科学知识的合法性，用科学知识语用学来重新解释当代的科学危机、社会变异和文化症状，主张把合法性的权利从"元叙事"的束缚中解脱出来，而由游戏者和对话者本人去决定，从而对科学知识的合法性问题进行奠基，这启发了新的"科学修辞学"问题的研究。

section summarizes simply innovations and inadequacies in this dissertation,specially,it introduces Lyotard'pragmatic thought,who defends the legitimacy of scientific knowledge in using the methods and idea of pragmatics,reinterprets modern scientific crisis,social variation and cultural symptoms,and holds extricating the right of legitimacy from metanarrative,deciding it through gamers and discourser,then,setting up a foundation for legitimacy of scientific knowledge.This inspires the new study about scientific rhetoric.

结语部分简单总结了本论文在写作上创新的地方和不足之处，特别是着重介绍了利奥塔把语用学的方法和观念运用于辩护科学知识的合法性，用科学知识语用学来重新解释当代的科学危机、社会变异和文化症状，主张把合法性的权利从"元叙事"的束缚中解脱出来，而由游戏者和对话者本人去决定，从而对科学知识的合法性问题进行奠基，这启发了新的"科学修辞学"问题的研究。

Lakatos'the principle of tolerance led to blurring of boundary line about progressive and deteriorative research program, mistiness of boundary line of reasonable and unreasonable research program. His standard of demarcation led to obscuring the boundary line of science and non science. His principle of theory of error made boundary line of right and wrong theory, ture and false theory blurred.

拉卡托斯的宽容原则导致进步的研究纲领和退步的研究纲领，合理的研究纲领和不合理的研究纲领之间的界线模糊；他的划界标准使科学与非科学之间的界线模糊；他的可错主义原则使正确的理论和错误的理论，真的理论和假的理论之间的界线模糊。

In all, the thesis obtains the following two objects: First of all, the points of view that people have discussed are excluded. Moreover, the thesis concentrates on adding Bacon"s thoughts that people haven"t emphasized, and corrects the mistakes that people have made concerning Novum Organum. At the same time, the thesis evaluates the viewpoints of Bacon and Novum Organum from historical and dialectic angles. Second, combining the contemporary scientific ideology, the thesis concludes that the viewpoints of Novum Organum are great inspirations to the Modern science. In all, this thesis reviews the philosophical and scientific viewpoints of Bacons Novum Organum on the basis of analyzing the materials of Bacon and Novum Organum. The thesis is divided into four parts.

所以，本文欲采用史学研究与哲学分析相结合的方法对前人的见解和培根及其《新工具》本身进行系统的探讨，希望能达到以下两大目的：首先，对《新工具》中前人已着重论述过的思想不再涉猎，致力于补充培根其他哲学和科学思想的研究资料，并剔除对培根思想的一些误读，同时把对培根的评价放入历史的长河中进行具体研究，用辩证的眼光看培根在那个特定时代下所做出的贡献；其次，在对《新工具》中的思想进行研究时，时刻结合当今现实和当代科学思维成果，古为今用，洋为中用，发掘《新工具》对今天的启示。

In all, the thesis obtains the following two objects:First of all, the points of view that people have discussed are excluded. Moreover, the thesis concentrates on adding Bacon\'s thoughts that people haven\'t emphasized, and corrects the mistakes that people have made concerning Novum Organum. At the same time, the thesis evaluates the viewpoints of Bacon and Novum Organum from historical and dialectic angles. Second, combining the contemporary scientific ideology, the thesis concludes that the viewpoints of Novum Organum are great inspirations to the Modern science.In all, this thesis reviews the philosophical and scientific viewpoints of Bacon\'s Novum Organum on the basis of analyzing the materials of Bacon and Novum Organum. The thesis is divided into four parts.

所以，本文欲采用史学研究与哲学分析相结合的方法对前人的见解和培根及其《新工具》本身进行系统的探讨，希望能达到以下两大目的：首先，对《新工具》中前人已着重论述过的思想不再涉猎，致力于补充培根其他哲学和科学思想的研究资料，并剔除对培根思想的一些误读，同时把对培根的评价放入历史的长河中进行具体研究，用辩证的眼光看培根在那个特定时代下所做出的贡献；其次，在对《新工具》中的思想进行研究时，时刻结合当今现实和当代科学思维成果，古为今用，洋为中用，发掘《新工具》对今天的启示。

The project will make full use of Cretaceous marine, terrestrial strata and paleontological records.

项目将充分利用中国大陆发育完好的白垩纪海相、陆相地层及古生物记录，通过松辽盆地白垩系科学钻探全岩芯取样和多学科综合研究的途径，着眼于厘定反映地质事件和气候变化的层位及标志和时间格架，解决高分辨率海、陆相沉积事件的精确对比，分析地层记录中气候标志和古生物类群的地理分布，集中研究陆地和海洋环境对同一事件的响应机制，重溯白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件过程及成因，探究陆相烃源岩大规模形成、陆地生物群更替与温室气候变化和碳循环之间的正/负反馈关系和机制等科学问题，为预测全球长时间尺度上的气候变化趋势提供科学依据。

The subjects were 52 high schools science teachers. Two teaching materials were designed which incorporated with history of Voltaic cell in either a positivistic or post-positivistic views of science.

本研究选取52位中学科学教师做为研究对象，并藉由分析相关文献资料，及建立建构效度和内容效度，设计出二篇不同科学学哲学观的电化电池发展史教材，和有关科学探究模式、科学本质观、与教材抉择等三项研工具。

Guo Guichun, the Chinese expert in scientific realism, considers that different from the argumentation between the former traditional realism and the antirealism, the divarication from the contemporary scientific realism with the antirealism is no longer about whether or not acknowledgement of existed objective world independent from the will of the people, or ontology question and so on in material first nature, but about the acknowledgment of world existence, acknowledgement of the perceptual experience provided for objective world information, acknowledgement of the science as the rational cause, acknowledgement of the progressiveness and success of science, acknowledgement of that under the premise of theory entity playing key role in the cognition process, to understand why the science can obtain success, approach the truth gradually, or the real existence of theory entity, or actuality of the scientific goal, so on in the divarication of significant epistemology .

中国科学实在论研究专家郭贵春认为：与既往的传统实在论与反实在论之争不同，当代科学实在论与反实在论之间的分歧，不再是关于是否承认存在着独立于人心的客观世界，是不是物质第一性等本体论问题上的分歧；而是在承认世界的存在性，承认感性经验(来源：ABba0aC论文网www.abclunwen.com)能为我们提供客观世界的信息，承认科学是一项合乎理性的事业，承认科学的进步性与成功性，承认理论实体在认识过程中能起重要作用的前提下，理解科学为什么会取得成功，为什么会向着逼近真理的方向发展，理论实体是否真的存在，科学的目的究竟是什么等重大认识论上的分歧。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。