科学的

The author claimed that one of the norms of science, disinterestedness, is not to be equal with altruism, nor with that scientists should not be in pursuit of the material gain. Moreover it does not mean,"Scientific knowledge is actually interest-free".

本文认为作为科学家的行为规范"祛利性"既不是指科学家只应"为科学而科学，不追求科学的功利价值"，也不是指科学家只能"利他"、不应"利己"，甚至不是指"科学知识实际上与利益无涉"。

One is the lacking of suitable social context, restrained by Confucianism tradition of pragmatism. The other is the irrational fanatic circumstance after the 'Culture Revolution'. This resulted in the fact that science cannot perfect itself for its own sake at all and the intellectuals cannot stand on their dignity. The other is the hypercorrection of science people made. This turned science into 'God' in their mind. The fanaticism resulted in scientism in science circle and the prevailing pseudoscience in society.

究其原因，主要有几个方面：一是中国传统文化对科学技术的制约，"经世致用"的儒教传统使科学很难有健康发展的土壤；二是"文革"期间失去理性的社会环境，使科学根本不可能独善其身，科学技术和知识分子的人格尊严被无情的践踏；三是"文革"过后人们对科学的矫枉过正，这使得科学成为人们心目中的"上帝"，对科学的盲信导致了科学界"唯科学主义"的诞生和"伪科学"在社会中的盛行，并且科学对社会的危害也日益在引起人们的高度重视。

The article notes that the introduction of nonscience, such as creation is many creationism and intelligent design, undermines fundamentals of science education--such as using the scientific method, understanding how to reach scientific consensus and telling scientific explanations for natural phenomena apart from nonscientific ones.

文章指出引入象创造论和智慧设计论的非科学会削弱科学教育的基本原理——例如象运用科学方法，知道如何达到科学公式以及对自然现象给出科学的解释而不是非科学的。

Gender Theory of feminism provides a completely new sight of angle criticizing traditional science, gives a better elucidation of the formation of androcentric society, the oppressive origin of women in it, and the direction of solution.

女性主义的社会性别理论提供了批判主流科学的新视角，较好地解释了男性中心社会的形成原因和女性受压制的根源，并提示了解决问题的方向；女性主义从生活出发，肯定情感在科研中的独特功用，一种包含人性的科学因此似乎有了可能；女性主义指出描述实在的科学理论并非是唯一的，丰富了科学知识的方法论标准；女性主义让以往被忽视的女性科学经验昭显于世，并且推广关爱经验，为科技史、科技伦理开辟了更为广阔的理论境域；倾向于科学与人文的融合，通过多种努力改变了科学的公众形象。

Guo Guichun, the Chinese expert in scientific realism, considers that different from the argumentation between the former traditional realism and the antirealism, the divarication from the contemporary scientific realism with the antirealism is no longer about whether or not acknowledgement of existed objective world independent from the will of the people, or ontology question and so on in material first nature, but about the acknowledgment of world existence, acknowledgement of the perceptual experience provided for objective world information, acknowledgement of the science as the rational cause, acknowledgement of the progressiveness and success of science, acknowledgement of that under the premise of theory entity playing key role in the cognition process, to understand why the science can obtain success, approach the truth gradually, or the real existence of theory entity, or actuality of the scientific goal, so on in the divarication of significant epistemology .

中国科学实在论研究专家郭贵春认为：与既往的传统实在论与反实在论之争不同，当代科学实在论与反实在论之间的分歧，不再是关于是否承认存在着独立于人心的客观世界，是不是物质第一性等本体论问题上的分歧；而是在承认世界的存在性，承认感性经验(来源：ABba0aC论文网www.abclunwen.com)能为我们提供客观世界的信息，承认科学是一项合乎理性的事业，承认科学的进步性与成功性，承认理论实体在认识过程中能起重要作用的前提下，理解科学为什么会取得成功，为什么会向着逼近真理的方向发展，理论实体是否真的存在，科学的目的究竟是什么等重大认识论上的分歧。

Kuhn makes the point—I think quite correctly—that both are essential and that normal science is required to select, albeit idiosyncratically, specific scientific puzzles for the intense cultivation that makes clear the fundamental limitations of science and that occasionally leads to a fundamental reconsideration of its tenets, that is, to scientific revolution.

科学的族群倾向于认为「发现」是比「正规的科学」更为崇高的活动，我认为孔恩非常正确的指出二者是同等的重要，而「正规的科学」乃是需要以独特的方式去选择一些特定的科学谜团，并勤加耕耘以理清科学的根本极限，那么偶尔的会导致对一些基本教条的重新考虑，也就是说，科学的革命。

The paper discusses the relationship between science and hu manistic spirits from three aspects, namely, scientific moral , scientific goal a nd scientific value.

本文从科学道德、科学目标及科学的价值三方面讨论了科学与人文精神的关系。

The application of scientific principle,which gives greatimpetus to the sc ientific transformation of almost the entire sociallife,seems to know no b ounds thus far,while high-tech revolution withinformation playing a leadin g role is in full sw The transformation from "small science"to "big science" means changing general paradigm of science,and in the change new-type science isgrowly q uie

科学原理的技术运用几乎使全部社会生活科学化，并且这种运用似乎还远无止境，以信息技术为主导的高技术革命在形成之中。20世纪从&小科学&到&大科学&的转变，意味着科学总体范式的变革，并且在这种变革中科学新类型在悄悄滋长。

So the West is scientific, the non-West is not; physicians are scientific, midwives and alternative healers are not; chemists are scientific, wives and husbands in their kitchens are not. This process is most pronounced, in general, in those societies that border occident and orient. If our focus is on science, then the process of orientalizing and occidentalizing should be most pronounced just at the boundary between science and the humanities, and even more so at the boundary between the physical, the natural, and the social sciences.

西方是科学的，非西方则不是；医师是科学的，接生婆和江湖术士则不是；化学家是科学的，厨房里的妻子和丈夫则不是；总体上，这一过程非常明显，在那些社会之中界定着西方的和东方的；如果我们的焦点是在科学上，那么西方化和东方化的过程应该是在科学与人文的分界点上是最明显的，甚至是在物理科学、自然科学和社会科学的分界点上是最明显的。

During of professionalizing of modern science,the "collective contract",which aiming at the production of public knowledge,between scientific community, and society was formed.

近代科学职业化过程中形成了科学共同体与政府、社会之间以生产公共知识为使命的&集体契约&，学院科学也成为科学的主要表现形式。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。