科学

The core of the debate between Latour and Bloor on the Strong Program was the confrontation of Bloor\'s symmetry principle of Strong Program and Latour\'s second symmetry principle. The essential disagreement between their theories was whether to insist the subject-object schema, or to discard it. Each of them adopted his own criterion of metaphysics and the different criteria resulted in two different kinds of relativisms. Both sides fell into the same philosophical dilemma. The debate between the post-SSK represented by Latour and the SSK represented by Collins and Yearley intensively revealed their disagreement in interior social construction, manifested by the opposition between social realism and ontology of nature-society mixture, between the normative method and descriptive method, between signified view of science and practical view of science, respectively.It is necessary to trace and clarify the core concepts of Latour\'s "Actor-Network Theory" such as "actor","network","agent", etc.

关于拉图尔和布鲁尔之间关于强纲领的论战，其核心是布鲁尔强纲领的对称性原则与拉图尔的普遍对称性原则之间的争论，二人理论的本质不同在于坚持还是消解主体-客体模式，由于所持不同的形而上学标准导致了两种不同的相对主义，而争论双方陷入了相同的哲学困境；关于以拉图尔为代表的后科学知识社会学与柯林斯和耶尔莱为代表的科学知识社会学之争，集中体现了社会建构内部间在本体论、认识论、科学观上的分歧，分别表现为：社会实在论与自然—社会混合本体论的对立、规范主义进路与描述主义进路的对立、表征科学观与实践科学观之间的对立。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows:①reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept "sustainable development", stated and commented the study status in queue on"sustainable development"around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept "sustainable development";②looked back and commented across-the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings;③expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory;④thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the MATLAB software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the B-J method and Morte-Carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources;⑤synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality;⑥analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows: correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows: the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water-saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology;⑦scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy;⑧point out the more directions on groundwater resources.

它将为制定水资源的可持续发展目标和战略决策提供科学依据，为制定社会、经济可持续发展战略提供理论基础。基于以上考虑，论文主要从以下几方面对地下水资源可持续开发问题进行了比较深入的探讨：①全面回顾了&可持续发展&概念的由来与演变，对国内外&可持续发展&的研究现状进行了述评，并对&可持续发展&概念的科学内涵进行了深入探讨；②对涉及地下水资源的一些最基本的概念和命题进行了全面的回顾和评述，对目前仍然存在的一些错误观点和混乱认识提出了自己的见解；③全面阐述了地下水资源变值系统理论的内容和意义，并与传统的地下水资源计算评价方法进行了对比分析，结合实例具体说明了方法的应用；④深入分析了地下水资源预测预报工作的极端重要性和复杂性，对传统的地下水资源动态预测方法进行了全面的评述，指出了各类预测预报方法的特点及适用条件，对最近二十多年刚发展起来的小波分析技术的主要思想和方法及其应用范围，以及号称第五代计算机语言的MATLAB软件和附带的小波分析工具箱进行了介绍，并应用于地下水动态过程线的分析，采用时间序列中的B-J法，蒙特卡罗方法，与地下水资源变值系统理论相结合，探讨了地下水动态资料分析和地下水资源预测预报的新思路；⑤综合分析了现今各类地下水管理模型的特点及缺陷，将数学规划、数理统计、随机过程等与地下水变值系统理论相结合进行地表水地下水或多水源的联合优化调度，使模型更准确、更实用；⑥对保证地下水资源可持续开发的内部条件和外部条件进行了分析，内部条件主要是正确的资源观，科学的资源计算与评价方法，可靠的资源预测预报技术，可操作的资源管理措施，外部条件主要是高层发展思路、管理体制的变革、配套的政策法规、经济杠杆的调节、人文素质的提高、节水意识的增强及具体节水措施、人口增长的控制、水体污染的防治、生态的恢复和重建等；⑦从宇宙科学、地球系统科学及哲学的高度审视地下水资源的可持续开发；⑧指出了地下水资源可持续开发的进一步研究方向。

On one side, subject of scientific explanation is the component factor of explanandum, which is a premises to create the subject-object structure of scientific explanation, and to form actual explanation of science. On the other side, as denotatum of scientific explanation, object is an objective factor in the subject-object structure which regulates and restricts the intentions of subject and his objectivating explanation.

一方面，科学解释的主体构成了解释客体的一个构成性因素，这种构成性是科学解释的主客体结构，从而也是形成现实的科学解释活动的一个条件；另一方面，客体作为科学解释这种对象性活动的指向，是主客体结构的客观方面，规定和限制着科学解释主体的意向及其对象性的解释活动。

Scientific progress is the hyle of scientific development, the problem of scientific progress is one of the kernel problems in conception of science, and it also makes the investigation of the other problem in philosophy of science deepgoing .

科学进步是科学发展的实质所在，科学进步问题是科学观的核心问题之一，也是科学哲学诸问题研究的深化。

It will not only contribute to change fundamentally the narrow orientatio n of philosophy of science, thus extricating itself from the existing pred icament,but also widen greatly the field of vision in the research of phil osophy of science,thus opening up very broad prospects for the development of philosophy of science.

从科学哲学到科学文化哲学，不仅有助於从根本上改变科学哲学的狭隘定位，从而使其走出现有的困境，而且还将大大拓宽科学哲学的研究视野，从而为科学哲学的发展开辟颇为广阔的前景。

It will not only contribute to change fundamentally the narrow orientatio n of philosophy of science, thus extricating itself from the existing pred icament,but also widen greatly the field of vision in the research of phil osophy of science,thus opening up very broad prospects for the development of philosophy of science.

从科学哲学到科学文化哲学，不仅有助于从根本上改变科学哲学的狭隘定位，从而使其走出现有的困境，而且还将大大拓宽科学哲学的研究视野，从而为科学哲学的发展开辟颇为广阔的前景。

The application of scientific principle,which gives greatimpetus to the sc ientific transformation of almost the entire sociallife,seems to know no b ounds thus far,while high-tech revolution withinformation playing a leadin g role is in full sw The transformation from "small science"to "big science" means changing general paradigm of science,and in the change new-type science isgrowly q uie

科学原理的技术运用几乎使全部社会生活科学化，并且这种运用似乎还远无止境，以信息技术为主导的高技术革命在形成之中。20世纪从&小科学&到&大科学&的转变，意味着科学总体范式的变革，并且在这种变革中科学新类型在悄悄滋长。

Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated". In April 1860, Huxley coined the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science.

赫胥黎希望科学是世俗的，没有宗教干涉；1860年4月他在《威斯敏斯特评论》上的文章宣传了科学的自然主义，以对抗自然神学；他赞扬达尔文&将科学的管辖范围扩大到迄今为止科学几乎完全不能渗透的思想领域&。1860年4月，赫胥黎创造了&达尔文主义&一词，以促进科学世俗化和职业化。

It will not only contribute to change fundamentally the narrow orientation of philosophy of science, thus extricating itself from the existing predicament,but also widen greatly the field of vision in the research of philosophy of science,thus opening up very broad prospects for the development of philosophy of science.

从科学哲学到科学文化哲学，不仅有助于从根本上改变科学哲学的狭隘定位，从而使其走出现有的困境，而且还将大大拓宽科学哲学的研究视野，从而为科学哲学的发展开辟颇为广阔的前景。

But science neither simply opposes against metaphysics nor simply merges with it, their relationship is complex: they are interdependent, interpenetrated, mutually conditional, mutually conductive, and work in coordination, at the same time, they are mutually exclusive, and hold each other back. Besides these harmful influence and positive contribution, there're more other interactions in varied dimensions, which are determined by specific scientific theory and specific metaphysical one.

本文认为，形而上学是科学之所以可能的一个主体条件，同时又是科学发展的一个限制性条件，但是，科学和形而上学之间既不是简单的融合也不是简单的对立，它们的关系具有复杂性：科学和形而上学既相互渗透又互相反对，既相互制约又相互诱导，其作用方式和作用效果又是多重的、有差别的、复杂的，这既取决于具体的科学理论又取决于具体的形而上学学说。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。