科学

Different educational theories based on different philosophy of science will have great effect on the scientific education and the formation of the students' views of natural science. Since over one century, especially in the latest 50 years, philosophy of science has developed continuously, from the logical positivism in the past to the constructivism, the main trend in the contemporary era.

哲学是关于自然界、社会和人类思维及其发展的最一般规律的学问，科学哲学是站在哲学的角度考察科学的一门学科，建立在不同科学哲学基础上的不同教育理论，对科学教育、对学生科学观的形成都会产生巨大影响。

With the continuous development and thorough of science and technology,and reflected on science and technology by people continued to be deepen,scientific research is played an important role in scientific research,such as experimental methods, induction, mathematical methods,the limitations of traditional scientific methods have been unprecedented criticism, revealed serious limitations and shortcomings.

讨论科学方法的不足和局限性，并不是要表明科学方法在科学研究中没有任何地位与作用，只是表明科学方法不是完美无缺的，它需要其它方法的补充。比较自由、灵活的艺术方法不仅能随着科学技术的不断发展以及人们对科学技术反思的不断深入，科学方法的局限性也日益暴露出来。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows:①reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept "sustainable development", stated and commented the study status in queue on"sustainable development"around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept "sustainable development";②looked back and commented across-the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings;③expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory;④thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the MATLAB software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the B-J method and Morte-Carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources;⑤synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality;⑥analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows: correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows: the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water-saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology;⑦scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy;⑧point out the more directions on groundwater resources.

它将为制定水资源的可持续发展目标和战略决策提供科学依据，为制定社会、经济可持续发展战略提供理论基础。基于以上考虑，论文主要从以下几方面对地下水资源可持续开发问题进行了比较深入的探讨：①全面回顾了"可持续发展"概念的由来与演变，对国内外"可持续发展"的研究现状进行了述评，并对"可持续发展"概念的科学内涵进行了深入探讨；②对涉及地下水资源的一些最基本的概念和命题进行了全面的回顾和评述，对目前仍然存在的一些错误观点和混乱认识提出了自己的见解；③全面阐述了地下水资源变值系统理论的内容和意义，并与传统的地下水资源计算评价方法进行了对比分析，结合实例具体说明了方法的应用；④深入分析了地下水资源预测预报工作的极端重要性和复杂性，对传统的地下水资源动态预测方法进行了全面的评述，指出了各类预测预报方法的特点及适用条件，对最近二十多年刚发展起来的小波分析技术的主要思想和方法及其应用范围，以及号称第五代计算机语言的MATLAB软件和附带的小波分析工具箱进行了介绍，并应用于地下水动态过程线的分析，采用时间序列中的B-J法，蒙特卡罗方法，与地下水资源变值系统理论相结合，探讨了地下水动态资料分析和地下水资源预测预报的新思路；⑤综合分析了现今各类地下水管理模型的特点及缺陷，将数学规划、数理统计、随机过程等与地下水变值系统理论相结合进行地表水地下水或多水源的联合优化调度，使模型更准确、更实用；⑥对保证地下水资源可持续开发的内部条件和外部条件进行了分析，内部条件主要是正确的资源观，科学的资源计算与评价方法，可靠的资源预测预报技术，可操作的资源管理措施，外部条件主要是高层发展思路、管理体制的变革、配套的政策法规、经济杠杆的调节、人文素质的提高、节水意识的增强及具体节水措施、人口增长的控制、水体污染的防治、生态的恢复和重建等；⑦从宇宙科学、地球系统科学及哲学的高度审视地下水资源的可持续开发；⑧指出了地下水资源可持续开发的进一步研究方向。

The article notes that the introduction of nonscience, such as creation is many creationism and intelligent design, undermines fundamentals of science education--such as using the scientific method, understanding how to reach scientific consensus and telling scientific explanations for natural phenomena apart from nonscientific ones.

文章指出引入象创造论和智慧设计论的非科学会削弱科学教育的基本原理——例如象运用科学方法，知道如何达到科学公式以及对自然现象给出科学的解释而不是非科学的。

In the second part, it is argued that the effect of Novum Organum on the philosophy and science is just as the function of beacon. The thesis in this part systematically introduces Bacon\'s basic and extensive thoughts excluding Baconian Induction, Theory of the Idols and the Empirical Epistemology that people have thoroughly researched; moreover, the mistakes which people have made are corrected and the limitations of the viewpoints of Novum Organum are also focused on. In the third part, Bacon\'s basic and extensive scientific and technological researches are discussed. Regarded to this, the thesis finds that people only paid attention to Bacon\'s view that heat is a motion which Bacon took lots of space in Novum Organum to summarized according to Baconian Induction.

本文总共分为四大部分：首先，分析《新工具》是对亚里斯多德《工具论》的勇敢挑战，并着重论述了培根的政治和文化背景对他的新思想所造成的深刻影响；其次，系统探讨《新工具》在哲学和科学中起到的灯塔作用，本文论述了培根的基本哲学和科学思想及具体应用和反映，但是对前人已深入探讨过的培根式归纳法、四假象说和经验认识论不再论述，同时对前人的一些误读进行澄清，并分析培根的《新工具》在哲学和科学思想方面的局限；再次，对前人很少涉猎的《新工具》中的科学研究方面进行系统论述，本文发现人们基本上仅仅注意到了培根在《新工具》中大篇幅运用培根式归纳法进行举例论证的热动说，而对这本书中其他的科学研究不甚关注。

In the second part, it is argued that the effect of Novum Organum on the philosophy and science is just as the function of beacon. The thesis in this part systematically introduces Bacon"s basic and extensive thoughts excluding Baconian Induction, Theory of the Idols and the Empirical Epistemology that people have thoroughly researched; moreover, the mistakes which people have made are corrected and the limitations of the viewpoints of Novum Organum are also focused on. In the third part, Bacon"s basic and extensive scientific and technological researches are discussed. Regarded to this, the thesis finds that people only paid attention to Bacons view that heat is a motion which Bacon took lots of space in Novum Organum to summarized according to Baconian Induction.

本文总共分为四大部分：首先，分析《新工具》是对亚里斯多德《工具论》的勇敢挑战，并着重论述了培根的政治和文化背景对他的新思想所造成的深刻影响；其次，系统探讨《新工具》在哲学和科学中起到的灯塔作用，本文论述了培根的基本哲学和科学思想及具体应用和反映，但是对前人已深入探讨过的培根式归纳法、四假象说和经验认识论不再论述，同时对前人的一些误读进行澄清，并分析培根的《新工具》在哲学和科学思想方面的局限；再次，对前人很少涉猎的《新工具》中的科学研究方面进行系统论述，本文发现人们基本上仅仅注意到了培根在《新工具》中大篇幅运用培根式归纳法进行举例论证的热动说，而对这本书中其他的科学研究不甚关注。

By means of the analysis of the dilemma in the traditional science covering epistemology and methodology, I spelt the fundamental cause and historic background of the birth of the strategy of Pera's rhetoric of science out, furthered to study some problems such as the functions, the rational rebuilding and the logic of rhetoric of science systematically, finally gave my explanation of Pera's dialectic model of science and my objective and comprehensive evaluation of Pera's rhetorical thoughts.

本文通过对支撑传统科学的两根支柱——认识论和方法论困境的分析，阐述了佩拉的科学修辞学战略产生的动因和历史背景。在此基础上，进一步对科学修辞学的功能、理性重建和逻辑等问题进行了系统阐述，最后对佩拉提出的科学辨证图景的合理性进行了说明，并对佩拉的科学修辞学战略给予了客观和全面的评价。

The theoretical sciences are of two kinds: one kind is reckoned for the most part as propaedeutic and it consists of the mathematical sciences; the other kind is reckoned for the perfections for which the propaedeutic sciences exist, and it consists of natural science and divine science.

理论科学有两种：一种大部分被认为是入门科学的，包括数学科学；另一种被认为是入门科学的完美化，包括自然科学和超自然科学。

Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated". In April 1860, Huxley coined the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science.

赫胥黎希望科学是世俗的，没有宗教干涉；1860年4月他在《威斯敏斯特评论》上的文章宣传了科学的自然主义，以对抗自然神学；他赞扬达尔文"将科学的管辖范围扩大到迄今为止科学几乎完全不能渗透的思想领域"。1860年4月，赫胥黎创造了"达尔文主义"一词，以促进科学世俗化和职业化。

On one side, subject of scientific explanation is the component factor of explanandum, which is a premises to create the subject-object structure of scientific explanation, and to form actual explanation of science.

科学解释的目标是用科学的概念框架提出理由，来自物的尺度的真理性标准与来自人的尺度的主体性标准相互关联构成了科学解释进步的判剧；科学解释固有的循环结构，则是科学解释的进步形式。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。