科学

The author first traces the evolution of the practice and theory of multiculturalism, delineating its course from an assimilationist approach that aimed at the perpetuation, transmission, and promotion of the cultural beliefs of the dominant community to an integrationist approach that aimed for equal opportunity within a culturally diverse and mutually tolerant society to cultural pluralism, which accepts and actively promotes diversity.

多元文化科学教育是在多元文化教育理论的框架里发展起来的一个新的分支研究领域，因而它是科学教育理论和实践的重要组成部分。目前，多元文化科学教育的知识体系还不够完善。从已有的知识体系来看，多元文化科学教育包括人们对少数民族群体特征的认识和对其文化与科学的理解。

Major Fields include Animal Sciences, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Biological Sciences, Biometry and Statistics, Crop and Soil Sciences, Entomology, Food Science, Natural Resources, Nutrition, Food and Agriculture, Plant Sciences.

主要学科领域涉及动物科学、生物和环境工程学、生物科学、生物统计学、农作物和土壤科学、昆虫学、食品科学、自然资源、营养学、食物与农业、植物科学等。

section summarizes simply innovations and inadequacies in this dissertation,specially,it introduces Lyotardpragmatic thought,who defends the legitimacy of scientific knowledge in using the methods and idea of pragmatics,reinterprets modern scientific crisis,social variation and cultural symptoms,and holds extricating the right of legitimacy from metanarrative ,deciding it through gamers and discourser,then,setting up a foundation for legitimacy of scientific knowledge.This inspires the new study about scientific rhetoric.

结语部分简单总结了本论文在写作上创新的地方和不足之处，特别是着重介绍了利奥塔把语用学的方法和观念运用于辩护科学知识的合法性，用科学知识语用学来重新解释当代的科学危机、社会变异和文化症状，主张把合法性的权利从"元叙事"的束缚中解脱出来，而由游戏者和对话者本人去决定，从而对科学知识的合法性问题进行奠基，这启发了新的"科学修辞学"问题的研究。

section summarizes simply innovations and inadequacies in this dissertation,specially,it introduces Lyotard'pragmatic thought,who defends the legitimacy of scientific knowledge in using the methods and idea of pragmatics,reinterprets modern scientific crisis,social variation and cultural symptoms,and holds extricating the right of legitimacy from metanarrative,deciding it through gamers and discourser,then,setting up a foundation for legitimacy of scientific knowledge.This inspires the new study about scientific rhetoric.

结语部分简单总结了本论文在写作上创新的地方和不足之处，特别是着重介绍了利奥塔把语用学的方法和观念运用于辩护科学知识的合法性，用科学知识语用学来重新解释当代的科学危机、社会变异和文化症状，主张把合法性的权利从"元叙事"的束缚中解脱出来，而由游戏者和对话者本人去决定，从而对科学知识的合法性问题进行奠基，这启发了新的"科学修辞学"问题的研究。

The critical rationalism proofs that the demarcation standard between science and non-science is falsifiability; but Feyerabend insists that the demarcation standard between science and non-science should be cleared up. The core of critical rationalism is perjury methodology. He considers the scientific method is not induction but deduce inspection. Feyerabend retorts critical rationalism School still can't be escaped from angle of view of the logical empiricism.

批判理性主义论证了科学与非科学的划界标准是可证伪的；而费耶阿本德主张消解科学与非科学的划界标准；批判理性主义的核心思想是证伪主义方法论，认为科学的方法不是归纳法而是演绎检验法，费耶阿本德反驳到：批判理性主义学派依然逃脱不了逻辑经验主义学派的"经验论"视角。

The intention of science innovation is to explore the nature. The purpose to learn for non-practical use and to break away from fatuity is the essence of science innovation. Paying attention to seeking the matter behind the natural phenomena makes the science innovation persistent. Skeptical and critical spirit lead science innovation perpetual.

其中探索自然界是科学创新的初衷；为了求知和摆脱愚蠢而不为任何实用目的是科学创新的本意和目的所在；注重探寻自然现象背后的原因使科学创新的源泉永不枯竭；怀疑和批判精神使科学创新永无止境；而个人自由和人与人平等是科学创新良好氛围的前提。

Furthermore, the author describes the basic framework of multicultural science education put forward by Derek Hodson, a Canadian science educator.

在分析多元文化科学教育基本理论观点的基础上，作者介绍了加拿大科学教育学者霍德森提出的多元文化科学教育的基本框架，主要阐述了怎样在多元文化环境下进行科学教育的问题，揭示了科学教育的多元文化观。

This subject is composed by rhniology, pharynology, laryngology esophagusology and tracheaology,otology, neck-surgery, special inflammation and occupational disease of this area.

耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科学主要包括鼻科学，咽科学，喉科学气管食管学，耳科学，颈部科学，耳鼻咽喉特殊性炎症和耳鼻咽喉的职业病。

Scientific view of logical positivism is a strong positivism scientific view, which makes an out-and-out positivism understanding not only on the structure and infrastructure of scientific theory, but also on the method, target and development mode of science.

本论文通过对逻辑实证主义科学观的探讨，认为逻辑实证主义的科学观是一种很强的实证主义的科学观，无论是关于科学理论的结构或基础，还是关于科学的方法、目标和发展模式，逻辑实证主义者都作了不折不扣的实证主义的理解。

The author makes scientific literature output and the influence as scientific productive force and the scientific literature collaboration (coauthors of one paper, coauthored papers or not, and different coauthor countries) as scientific productive relationship, to analyze the relationship between them.

以科学论文的产出数量和产出质量中的影响力代表科学生产力，以科学论文合作状况(论文合作作者数量、是否进行国际合作及不同的国际合作国家)代表科学生产关系，通过二者间的关联分析进一步论证了科学生产力与科学生产关系之间的关联关系。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。