科学

Concluded that the definition and characteristics of science and ethics, combined with some of the modern case studies to discuss key issues of scientific ethics of the study, pointing out that on the one hand to strengthen the scientific and ethical quality of scientific workers in the other hand, the urgent need for ethical guidance of mankind, from the ethical angle of reflection on science, so that science can truly benefit of mankind.

最后指出科学伦理的含义、特点和本质。结合现代的一些案例分析，讨论科学伦理研究的主要问题，指出一方面要加强科学工作者的科学伦理素质，另一方面人类迫切需要伦理的指导，从伦理的角度反思科学，使科学真正能为人类造福。还原

One is the lacking of suitable social context, restrained by Confucianism tradition of pragmatism. The other is the irrational fanatic circumstance after the 'Culture Revolution'. This resulted in the fact that science cannot perfect itself for its own sake at all and the intellectuals cannot stand on their dignity. The other is the hypercorrection of science people made. This turned science into 'God' in their mind. The fanaticism resulted in scientism in science circle and the prevailing pseudoscience in society.

究其原因，主要有几个方面：一是中国传统文化对科学技术的制约，"经世致用"的儒教传统使科学很难有健康发展的土壤；二是"文革"期间失去理性的社会环境，使科学根本不可能独善其身，科学技术和知识分子的人格尊严被无情的践踏；三是"文革"过后人们对科学的矫枉过正，这使得科学成为人们心目中的"上帝"，对科学的盲信导致了科学界"唯科学主义"的诞生和"伪科学"在社会中的盛行，并且科学对社会的危害也日益在引起人们的高度重视。

However, in the face of the continual negative effect of science and technology and the interior problem of the science education, people begun to turn over to think the science curriculum and consider that the science curriculum should reflect the cultural character of science, envisage the negative effect of science and technology, pay attention to the functi...

但面对科学技术负面效应的不断显现和科学教育内部问题的接踵而至，人们开始反思科学课程，认为科学课程必须反映科学的文化属性、正视科学技术的负面效应、关注科学在精神层面的育人功能、尊重儿童的个性发展、培养学生全面认识、理解、运用和评价科学的意识和能力。

The research instruments included " Science Concept Comprehension Test, Science-related Attitudes Scale, and Problem Solving Ability Test". The results of this study were that: STS group had significantly positive effect than traditional group on SCCT, SRAS and PSAT.(2) Field-independent students had significantly positive effect than Field-dependent on SCCT.(3) There were no interaction between teaching methods and cognitive styles.

刊究结果发现在问题解决能力、科学理解与科学相关态度三方面，STS组学生皆较一般组学生有正向的表现，且前测并不影响学童在此三方面的后测表现；在认知风格上，场地独立性的学童在科学概念理解上表现较场地依赖性者正向，但不同认知风格学童在科学相关态度和问题解决能力两方面并没有显著差异；学生的认知风格和教学法之间，在科学概念理解、科学相关态度和问题解决能力三方面皆无交互作用产生。

Guo Guichun, the Chinese expert in scientific realism, considers that different from the argumentation between the former traditional realism and the antirealism, the divarication from the contemporary scientific realism with the antirealism is no longer about whether or not acknowledgement of existed objective world independent from the will of the people, or ontology question and so on in material first nature, but about the acknowledgment of world existence, acknowledgement of the perceptual experience provided for objective world information, acknowledgement of the science as the rational cause, acknowledgement of the progressiveness and success of science, acknowledgement of that under the premise of theory entity playing key role in the cognition process, to understand why the science can obtain success, approach the truth gradually, or the real existence of theory entity, or actuality of the scientific goal, so on in the divarication of significant epistemology .

中国科学实在论研究专家郭贵春认为：与既往的传统实在论与反实在论之争不同，当代科学实在论与反实在论之间的分歧，不再是关于是否承认存在着独立于人心的客观世界，是不是物质第一性等本体论问题上的分歧；而是在承认世界的存在性，承认感性经验(来源：ABba0aC论文网www.abclunwen.com)能为我们提供客观世界的信息，承认科学是一项合乎理性的事业，承认科学的进步性与成功性，承认理论实体在认识过程中能起重要作用的前提下，理解科学为什么会取得成功，为什么会向着逼近真理的方向发展，理论实体是否真的存在，科学的目的究竟是什么等重大认识论上的分歧。

On Confucius Antitheism;2. Science plays a key role in the struggle of antitheism against theism,because theism propagandizes religious theology camouflaged by science,while antitheism opposes theism by means of science.

科学在无神论与有神论的斗争中发挥着巨大的作用，有神论者利用科学宣传宗教神学，无神论者运用科学反对有神论，文章通过分析科学的本质得出：有神论与科学在本质上是对立的，而无神论与科学则内在一致、和谐统一。

The author tries to certify the autocephaly independency of scientific apparatus in scientific knowing action, proposes that scientific apparatus is not only a static observing tool, but a dynamic tool of intervening. And scientific apparatus not only represents the scientific object, but constructs the scientific object.

力图证明科学仪器在科学认识活动中的独立性、自主性，指出科学仪器不仅是静态的观察工具，更是对世界的动态干预和介入，科学仪器不仅&表征&了科学对象，而且&建构&了科学对象。

Kuhn makes the point—I think quite correctly—that both are essential and that normal science is required to select, albeit idiosyncratically, specific scientific puzzles for the intense cultivation that makes clear the fundamental limitations of science and that occasionally leads to a fundamental reconsideration of its tenets, that is, to scientific revolution.

科学的族群倾向于认为「发现」是比「正规的科学」更为崇高的活动，我认为孔恩非常正确的指出二者是同等的重要，而「正规的科学」乃是需要以独特的方式去选择一些特定的科学谜团，并勤加耕耘以理清科学的根本极限，那么偶尔的会导致对一些基本教条的重新考虑，也就是说，科学的革命。

The current and future Chinese scientific educational reform desiderates the academic support of scientific educational research.

我国当前和今后的科学教育改革亟需科学教育研究的学术支撑，尽快形成科学教育学的学科建制，把科学教育学增列为教育学的二级学科；在大学建立更多的科学教育研究中心；成立全国性的科学教育学会，创办科学教育研究期刊。

So the West is scientific, the non-West is not; physicians are scientific, midwives and alternative healers are not; chemists are scientific, wives and husbands in their kitchens are not. This process is most pronounced, in general, in those societies that border occident and orient. If our focus is on science, then the process of orientalizing and occidentalizing should be most pronounced just at the boundary between science and the humanities, and even more so at the boundary between the physical, the natural, and the social sciences.

西方是科学的，非西方则不是；医师是科学的，接生婆和江湖术士则不是；化学家是科学的，厨房里的妻子和丈夫则不是；总体上，这一过程非常明显，在那些社会之中界定着西方的和东方的；如果我们的焦点是在科学上，那么西方化和东方化的过程应该是在科学与人文的分界点上是最明显的，甚至是在物理科学、自然科学和社会科学的分界点上是最明显的。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。