科

The sperm whales in Odontoceti was closely related with baleen whales in Mysticeti, and then clustered with Delphinoidea and then with Ziphioidea.

其中抹香鲸总科与须鲸亚目聚合在一起，然后与海豚总科聚合再与喙鲸总科相聚。

Edwardsia sipunculoides is belong to the order Edwardsidae in being, however, it first assemble with species of Actiniidae in the same clade on the phylogenetic trees with 100% degree of confidence of branch, and not with the species of Edwardsidae.

星虫状海葵现有分类地位属于爱氏海葵科，但在上述两种分子聚类分析中，均较海葵科物种老年细指海葵更先归入海葵科聚支，其置信度在NJ和MP中分别高达到100%、99%的自引导值。

We organized and identified the specimens which collected in the insects specimens laboratory of life science and technology department of Xinjiang university, from almost everywhere of Xinjiang with combination of the conventional methods and the electroscopic scanning technique.

本文采用常规鉴定方法与雄性外生殖器解剖相结合，辅以扫描电镜观察，对收藏于新疆大学生命科学与技术学院昆虫室20年来积累的标本及三年在校期间系统地采集于全疆各地的拟步甲类标本进行了整理与鉴定，结合野外考察及重要类群的生物学研究，研究其区系成份，并对其区系特征及地理分布状况进行了系统的分析，主要研究成果如下：1）初步查明新疆拟步甲科昆虫共计266种，分隶于23族72属，其中35种为中国新记录种，3种为拟步甲类新种，作新种记述，并附图片；在研究过程中初步探讨了拟步甲的中文命名问题； 2）新疆拟步甲种类繁多，其区系成分分析显示，除12种为广布种以外，共有6种区系成分，其中中亚细亚种为最多，有87种，占已种的32.7﹪；其次依次为中央亚细亚种和特有种，分别为81种和65种，各占已知种类的30.5﹪和24.4﹪；泛古北种12种，占4.5﹪；欧洲西伯利亚种7种，占2.6﹪；欧洲中亚种最少，仅有2种，占0.75﹪，并根据新疆拟步甲科昆虫区系成分分析了其起源问题； 3）新疆拟步甲科昆虫的地理分布表明，分布于准噶尔盆地的种类最为丰富，计161种，占新疆已知种的60.5﹪；其次是塔里木盆地92种，占已知种的34.6﹪；东疆诸盆地63种，占23.7﹪；伊犁谷地56种，占21.1﹪；在三大山系中，天山山系的拟步甲种类最多，为54种，占20.3﹪；阿尔泰山山系28种，占10.5﹪；昆仑山山系13种，占4.9﹪。

Nevertheless, the results strongly supported that 1 Pyxidea mouhotii and Cuora aurocapitata formed a monophyletic clade, whereas Cyclemys atripons was not closer to the Pyxidea-Cuora than to Chinemys reevesii, suggesting that Cyclemys and the Cuora group may have originated from two ancestors; 2 the Geoemydidae with Testudinidae was a sister group rather than with the Emydidae.

结果表明：锯缘摄龟和金头闭壳龟构成单系支，白腹摄龟与此聚类支的亲缘关系较乌龟远，暗示齿缘摄龟属和闭壳龟组可能起源于两个不同的祖先；淡水龟科和陆龟科而不是龟科互为姐妹群。

Thaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and Convolulaceae are the five main families, comprising about

的外来杂草主要为菊科、苋科、大戟科、豆科和旋花科，占总数 55%；来源于美洲的外来杂草对杭

A total of 26 tree species (DBH≥3.0cm) were recorded within 5 plots in the forest, which belong to 15 families and 21 genus. Fagaceae and Hamamelidaceae were dominant families. The vertical structure of the forest was simple, without obvious shrub and herb layers.

结果表明，5块样地内共出现树种26种，分属于15科21属，以壳斗科和金缕梅科为主；群落垂直结构简单，灌木层和草本层不甚明显。

The earliest and reliable Castanopsis fossil records date back at least to Eocene, and subfamily Castaneoideae fossil records found from Paleocene, it is indicated that appearance of Castanopsis is not later than Paleocene . All fossil records of Fagaceae and Castanopsis report from the Northern Hemisphere and their main distribution regions are in the Northern Hemisphere . It can be concluded that the Northern Hemisphere is the center of origin of Fagaceae and Castanopsis . However, owing to the discrepancy between fossil data and results of modern botany research as well as scarcity of fossil data from key area, precise center of origin of Castanopsis cannot be inferred.

栲属在地质历史上有着比现在广泛的分布，最早、最可靠的栲属化石记录发现于始新世地层，栗亚科化石在古新世就有发现，化石记录表明栲属起源的时间不晚于古新世，所有的壳斗科及栲属的化石都发现于北半球，现代分布也主要在北半球，壳斗科及栲属起源于北半球可以确认，由于化石证据与现代植物学的研究结果有较大差异以及关键地区化石证据的不足，具体的起源地尚不能肯定。

Fagaceae A family of deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs that includes the oaks, beeches, southern beeches, and chestnuts. Members of this family dominate broad-leaved forests, especially of temperate regions.

壳斗科：植物多为落叶或常绿林木和灌木的一个科，包括橡树、山毛榉（山毛榉属 Fagus ）、南方山毛榉（假山毛榉 Nothofagus ）以及栗（栗属 Castanea ），该科植物在阔叶林尤其是温带地区的阔叶林中占大多数。

Phylogenetic analyses based on individual data sets indicated that all of the families of Fagales are monophyletic, but some of the deepest branches are unresolved or only weakly supported.

壳斗目的八个科分为三支：南青冈科Nothofagaceae是基部分支；壳斗科Fagaceae接着分出；核心高等金缕梅类(core&higher&hamamelids)聚为一支，这三支也都得到了强支持。

For example, the phylogenetic trees constructed by NJ, ME, or MP methods basing on 12S rRNA complete sequence, indicated Falconidae branched off prior to the other avian, but the UPGMA tree placed Falco peregrine into a single branch and formed sister group with Accipitridae species and Strigiformes specie.

在基于12S rRNA全序列构建的NJ、ME和MP树中都支持隼科最早分化出一个单系群，而在UPGMA树中，隼科游隼单独形成一个分支，与鹰科、夜鹰目和鸮形目互为姐妹群。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。