科

The resulting phylogeny indicated that:(1) Araneidae and Tetragnathidae, which build orb webs, are not a sister group in the superfamily Araneoidea;(2) Theridiidae and Linyphiidae, which build nonorb webs, are also not monophyletic, The results also corroborated the independent origins of linyphiid sheet webs and theridiid gumfoot webs;(3) The phylogenetic placement of linyphiid closer to tetragnathid than to araneid implies that the similarities of male palpal organ between linyphiids and araneids may be homoplastic rather than homologous.

结果表明：(1)织圆网的园蛛科和肖蛸科蜘蛛在园蛛总科里不是姊妹群；(2)不织圆网的球蛛科和皿蛛科也不是单系的，进一步证实了皿蛛片网和球蛛网独立起源的观点；(3)皿蛛科蜘蛛的分子系统发生地位与肖蛸科较近而与园蛛科较远表明皿蛛科和园蛛科间雄性触肢结构的相似性很可能是类似而不是同源相似。

The honeybee various types interview flowers and the mouth apparatus length has the close relation: For example the digger wasp branch, the bee branch, is divided the flowers which the tongue bee branch and so on the mouth apparatus short type interview rose families, the mustard family, the umbelliferae, the buttercup branch opens; But leaf-cutter branch, strip bee branch and honeybee branch type because the mouth apparatus are long, then interview leguminosae, orthodon and so on deep floral tube flowers.

蜜蜂各种类采访的花朵与口器的长短有密切关系：例如隧蜂科、地蜂科、分舌蜂科等口器较短的种类采访蔷薇科、十字花科、伞形科、毛茛科开放的花朵；而切叶蜂科、条蜂科和蜜蜂科的种类由于口器较长，则采访豆科、唇形科等具深花管的花朵。

The molecular phylogenetic trees indicated that Oedipodinae is a monophyletic group and this subfamily is a natural one, but Catantopinae and Acridinae are non-monophyletic. Oedipodnae is a relatively primitive group within the Acrididae, whereas the Oxyinae may have diverged later than Oedipodinae, but earlier than most other species of Acridide.

分子系统树表明：斑翅蝗亚科是一单系群，该亚科是一个合法的亚科，但斑腿蝗亚科和蝗亚科都不是单系群；斑翅蝗亚科在蝗科内是一个相对原始的类群，而稻蝗亚科比斑翅蝗亚科相对进化，比蝗科的其他亚科的种类相对原始。

Major results were summarized as follows:(1) A total of 58 tree species from 53 genera in 36 families among which 8 species were Rosaceae, 5 species were Liliaceae, 5 species were Eriaceae, 3 species were Ranunculaceae, 3 species were Compositae, 2 species were Cupressaceae, 2 species were Caprifoliaceae, 2 species were Umblliferae, and other 28 tree species were only one receptively. These were recorded in the 8 plots of the A. georgei var. smithii forest;(2) Number of families, genera, species and Margalef index correlated negatively with altitude (P.05), with a peak at 3600 m.(3) Shannon-Wiener index correlated negatively with altitude (P.01), and maintained stable at the altitudes between 3700~4100 m, evenness with altitudes, however, this trend was insignificant.(4) Jaccard index increased sharply with increasing altitude at the altitudes between 3600~4100 m, and was lower between different vegetation types at the altitudes between 4100~4200. Cody index β(subscript c decreased with an increasing altitude, but there were 2 troughs between 4000~4100 m and 4200~4300 m.(5) Maximum tree height H(subscript max and HH(subscript max=37 mcorrelated negatively with altitude (P.05); but basal area and BA BA(subscript max=5.3m^2 correlated with altitudes, however, this trend was insignificant.

结果表明：(1)在调查的8个急尖长苞冷杉林样地内共有植物58种，分属于36科53属，其中植物较多的科有蔷薇科8种、百合科5种、杜鹃花科5种、毛茛科3种、菊科3种、柏科2种、忍冬科2种、伞形科2种，其余的28科各只有1个种；(2)物种科、属、种数、Margalef指数D(下标 M与海拔存在显著的负相关性(P.05)，在分布急尖长苞冷杉最低海拔3600m处出现物种丰富度的最大值；(3)多样性指数与海拔之间有极显著的负相关性(P.01)，并且在3700~4100m之间多样性指数保持稳定；均匀度指数与海拔梯度之间存在负相关性，但不显著；(4)Jaccard指数C(下标 j在海拔3600~4100m随海拔的升高而升高，在生境过渡带的4100~4200m之间Jaccard指数C(下标 j较低；Cody指数β(下标 c随海拔的升高呈下降的趋势，但在4000~4100m和4200~4300m 海拔区间出现2个低谷；(5)最大树高H(下标 max和最大胸径DBH(下标 max与海拔之间存在显著负相关性(P.05)；胸高断面积之和和立木密度与海拔之间存在负相关性，但不显著。

The Acridoidea is generally divided into 8 families by Chinese scholars, Pamphagidae, Chrotogonidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Catantopidae, Acrididae, Oedipodidae, Arcypteridae, Gomphoceridae.

我国分类学家通常把中国蝗总科分为8个科：癞蝗科、瘤锥蝗科、锥头蝗科、斑腿蝗科、剑角蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科。

A total of 106 species were recorded as being eaten by Asian elephants, among them 83 species were identified in elephant's dung. Plant families that contributed a major proportion of elephant's diet in the study area were: Gramineae (8 spp., 10.0%), Moraceae (7 spp., 9.9%), Papilionaceae (4 spp., 8.4%), Araliaceae (3 spp., 6.6%), Vitaceae (3 spp., 5.7%), Apocynaceae (3 spp., 4.6%), Musaceae (1 spp., 4.2%), Zingiberaceae (3 spp., 3.7%), Myrsinaceae (3 spp., 3.6%), Rosaceae (3 spp., 3.6%), Euphorbiaceae (5 spp., 3.3%), Ulmaceae (2 spp., 3.0%) and Mimosaceae (4 spp., 2.9%).

结果显示，野外跟踪调查共记录有106种植物被亚洲象所取食，其中有83种出现在象的粪便中，这些种类分别属于：禾本科8种(10.0%)、桑科7种(9.9%)、蝶形花科4种(8.4%)、五加科3种(6.6%)、葡萄科3种(5.7%)、夹竹桃科3种(4.6%)、芭蕉科l种(4.2%)、姜科3种(3.7%)、紫金牛科3种(3.6%)、蔷薇科3种(3.6%)、大戟科5种(3.3%)、榆科2种(3.0%)、含羞草科4种(2.9%)13个植物科。

However, the taxa of strictly tropical distribution are still underrepresented in the flora of southeastern Yunnan compared to Indo-Malaysian flora, and the families of mainly subtropical to temperate distribution, such as Magnoliaceae, Theaceae, Cornaceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Aquifoliaceae and Caprifoliaceae, are well represented in the flora. Some characteristic families of temperate East Asia, such as Diapensiaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Eupteleaceae, Grossulariaceae and Toricelliaceae are also present in the flora of southeastern Yunnan.

由於位於东南亚热带北缘山地及其地质历史原因，云南东南部的热带植物区系中严格热带分布的成分不多，仍以边缘热带成分为主，并有相对丰富的亚热带－温带科如木兰科、山茶科、山茱萸科、山矾科、忍冬科、冬青科等以及一些东亚和喜马拉雅特徵科，如岩梅科、十齿花科、领春木科、茶藨子科和鞘柄木科，显示了它与东亚温带植物区系也有较多联系。

All of the most parsimonious trees obtained based on the analyses of these combined data sets recognized three major clades in Fagales:(1)Nothofagus,(2) Fagaceae, and (3) core "higher" hamamelids represented by Casuarinaceae, Ticodendraceae, Betulaceae, Myricaceae, Juglandaceae, and Rhoipteleaceae.

主要结论是壳斗目的八个科分为三支，南青冈科是最基部的分支，壳斗科做为核心高等金缕梅类的姐妹群第二个分出，核心高等金缕梅类聚在一起，并进一步分为两个亚支：第一亚支包括桦木科、核果桦科和木麻黄科；另一亚支则由胡桃科、马尾树科和杨梅科组成，杨梅科是胡桃科和马尾树科的姐妹群。

The families Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Hamamelidaceae and Saxifragaceae are closely located, while the relationships among them remain unsolved even if more repres...

尽管增加了金缕梅科的取样密度，它们之间进一步的关系仍未得到分辨，结合它们的形态特征，连香树科和交让木科应置于金缕梅目内。rbcL基因树上反映出传统的&低等&金缕梅类成员领春木科与毛茛类植物聚在一起；悬铃木科与昆栏树科和水青树科关系较近，而与金缕梅科关系较远；杜仲科与低等金缕类的核心科———金缕梅科的关系似乎较除连香树科之外的其它低等金缕类成员近。低等金缕类植物由一些古老、孤立的科组成，且是多系的。

Result The results show that A+T contents of CO Ⅱ genes of Libellulidae are lower (68.6%) in Insecta, which proves Odonata is an original group. Every sequence includes 2 Cys, which differs from the other groups of Insecta. Do not agree with the view of raising Macrominae into Macromidae. Agree with the views of putting both Aeshnidae and Cordulegastridae into Aeshnidea, and raising Gomphidae into a superfamily. Order of the evolution relationship of 5 families is: Gomphidae→Cordulegastridae→Aeshnidae→Corduliidae→Libellulidae.

结果］CO Ⅱ的A+T含量较低(68.6%)，说明蜻蜓目是一比较原始的类群；每条序列均含有2个半胱氨酸，这一点有别于其他类群昆虫；不支持将大蜻亚科上升为科的观点；支持将大蜓科和蜓科归入蜓总科，而将春蜓科上升为总科的观点；差翅亚目5科之间的进化关系由慢到快依次为：春蜓科→大蜓科→蜓科→伪蜻科→蜻科。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。