种差异

The heterosis of spike number per plant and grain number of main spike were stable in the intervarietal crosses between years, and so were the grain number of main spike in the crosses of common wheat with club wheat, and were the 1000-grain weight in the crosses of common wheat with spelt wheat.

普通小麦品种间杂种每株穗数优势和主穗粒数优势年度间表现稳定；普通小麦与密穗小麦的种间杂种主穗粒数优势以及普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦的种间杂种千粒重优势两年均表现出明显的杂种优势，且幅度相近，其他性状年度间差异较大。

Using nuclear DNA C-values for 539 angiosperms in China, we examined the variation of these values among growth forms and taxonomic groups and the relationship of these values with invasiveness. Mean DNA C-value of the 539 angiosperm species was 4.06 pg. Mean DNA C-value was(1) significantly lower for woody species (1.84 pg) than for herbaceous species(5.02 pg);(2) significantly lower for 360 dicots (2.20 pg) than for 179 monocots (7.80 pg);(3) significantly lower for annuals (2.78 pg) than for perennials(6.65 pg);(4) significantly lower for 134 weed species (1.93 pg) than for herbaceous non-weeds (6.75 pg) and for several families that have an unusually high proportion of weed species;(5) significantly lower for 47 exotic weed species (1.76 pg) than for 134 native weeds (1.93 pg), but significantly lower than that of "non-weedy" herbaceous species (6.75 pg);(6) lower for weeds than for "non-weedy" species in same genus or family; and (7) in herbaceous species, generally lower for weedy compared to "non-weedy" species, with some exceptions such as Avena fatua, whose DNA C-value is as high as 14.15 pg, contrarily, and some "non-weedy" herbaceous species in Cruciferae and Cucurbitaceae with very low values.

统计了中国境内有分布的539种被子植物的DNA C-值，分析了它们在不同分类群、生活型、倍性、生活史类型以及在杂草和非杂草类群中的分布情况，主要结果如下：(1)539种被子植物DNA C-值平均为4.06 pg，其中木本植物的DNA C-值平均为1.84 pg，低于草本植物的平均值(5.02 pg)；(2)双子叶植物(360种)的DNA C-值平均为2.20 pg，极明显地小于单子叶植物(179种)的平均值(7.80 pg)；(3)1年生植物的DNA C-值平均为2.78 pg，明显小于多年植物的平均DNA C-值(6.65 pg)；(4)134种杂草的DNA C-值平均为1.93 pg，明显小于非杂草草本植物的平均值(6.75 pg)，含杂草较多的科，平均DNA C-值相对较小；(5)统计的47种入侵杂草的DNA C-值平均为1.76 pg，略小于134种杂草的平均DNA C-值(1.93 pg)，极显著地小于非杂草性草本植物(6.75 pg)；(6)以科为单位，不同科的DNA C-值存在着极大的差异；(7)DNA C-值与染色体倍性的关系并不明显，但是，随着倍性的增加，基因组变小；(8)在同一科、属中，与非杂草相比，典型杂草的DNA C-值往往偏小；(9)总体上杂草或杂草性强的植物，它们的DNA C-值比非杂草性植物的要小。

Based on the analysis on the character of MPDI, the relationship between NDVI and MPDI is studied, and the threshold value of MPDI under densely vegetation covered, middle vegetation covered, sparse vegetation covered and nudation are built. MPDI＞0.12 means the surface is desert,sand or rocks; 0.01＜MPDI＜0.12 means the sureface is covered by middle vegetation, and MPDI＜0.01 means the earth is covered by densely vegetation. 4. Based on the expirical model relation between MPDI and vegetation optical thickness, the latter is computed by the modified algorithm.

在分析微波极化差异指数MPDI特性的基础上，分析了新疆植被指数NDVI和微波极化差异指数MPDI二者的相关关系，并建立了浓密植被覆盖、中等植被覆盖以及稀疏植被覆盖和裸露地表三种植被覆盖状况所对应的微波极化差异指数MPDI阈值。

The allomatric scaling for the wet clonal plants including Phalaris arundinacea Scirpus planiculmis Phragmites australis and Phragmites Jeholensis did not show "1/4-power Rule". The variation of the allometric exponents between vegetative and reproductive ramets was mainly due to the different regulation mechanisms in different development stages. Moreover, the variation of the allometric exponents between plantsin wet or drought environments was the result of the long-time divergent response for ramets to moisture environments.

虉草、紧穗三棱草、芦苇和热河芦苇4种湿地根茎植物分株异速生长规律并不表现为&1／4或1／4整倍数&规律，营养株和生殖株异速生长幂值的差异是不同发育类型的分株生长调节机制不同的结果，水生生境和旱生生境分株异速生长幂值的差异则是分株对生境水因子差异长期趋异响应的结果。

Then, according to phase space reconstruct technique from one-dimensional and multi-dimensional time series, the quantitative criterion and rule of system chaos which combine neural network, analyses, computations and sort are conducted on EEG signals of five kinds of human consciousness activities. The author finds that statistic results of the determinism computation in time series indicate that chaos characteristic may lie in human consciousness activities, and central tendency measure is consistent with phase graph, so it may become one division way of attractor; approximate entropy of different subjects exists discrepancy; correlation dimension and Lyapunov exponent of different consciousness activities indicate that attractors of human activities are all fractional; nonlinear quantitative criterion and rule, which unites neural network, can distinguish different styles of consciousness activity in principle, and the result of sortation takes on that consciousness activity type of arithmetic is distinguished more easily than that of abstract.

采用一维与多维时间序列相空间重构技术和系统混沌的定量判据准则，结合神经网络，对五种思维作业方式的脑电信号进行了分析、计算与分类，发现确定性计算的统计结果表明人类的意识活动中可能蕴含混沌特性，中心趋向测量(Central Tendency Measure，CTM)与相图吻合较好，可作为EEG吸引子的区分方法之一；功率谱分析反映出单个受试者的各种意识形态的差异很小，但是不同意识活动谱中的活跃频段还是略有差异的；个体之间的近似熵存在差异，同种状态下近似熵大的人可能具有更好的创新性；关联维数和Lyapunov指数的计算结果表明大脑的运动落在具有分维的奇怪吸引子上；非线性量化方法与神经网络相结合，可对人脑思维活动进行较好的分类，并且从分类结果来看数理计算类思维活动较抽象类思维活动有着更好的区分度。

Complete genome sequences of 20 viruses in Bunyaviridae loaded from NCBI were analyzed by two biological softwares of DNAMAN and DNASTAR. The results indicated great variability in both nucleic acid sequence and protein structure between plant viruses and animal viruses:(1) only plant viruses could encored NSm in M genome;(2) the length of nucleic acid sequence and protein sequence was different;(3) GC content of nucleic acid of animal viruses was higher than plant viruses of that;(4) protein topology analysis by online software SMART discovered that there was significant difference for the structure of glycoproteins G(subscript nG between animal-infecting and plant-infecting viruses;(5) usually, protein of plant-infecting virus had more complicated structure, more low compositional complexity and had N-Signal peptides except INSV.

本文从NCBI数据库下载具有完整基因组序列的布尼亚科病毒的5个属20种病毒的序列，用生物学软件DNAman，DNAstar进行比对分析，发现布尼亚科病毒属中的植物病毒在核酸序列及蛋白结构上与动物病毒有很大差异：(1)只有植物病毒的M基因组能编码NSm运动蛋白；(2)植物病毒和动物病毒在核酸序列和蛋白质序列长度均有差异，表明该科病毒是进化速度较快的病毒；(3)植物病毒核酸序列的GC含量低于动物病毒；(4)通过SMART网络软件进行蛋白质拓扑结构分析发现植物病毒和动物病毒在糖蛋白GG的结构上存在显著差异；(5)植物病毒糖蛋白结构较为复杂，有较多的紊乱区域，除INSV外，其他病毒都具有N端信号肽。

When we used those two multivariate statistic analytical techniques to study the spatio-temporal variation laws of benthic community structure at Shenzhen Bay, the results indicated that: 1 There was not obverse difference in intertidal benthic community structure between Futian, Shenzhen and MaPi, HongKong in Shenzhen Bay in Spring, 2000. However, there was continual gradient change in community structure from outer bay to inner bay. 2 There was obvious deference with the respect of benthic community structure between station C and stations Al, A2, A3 in transect A and station B in transect CBA in Shenzhen Bay. There being no benthos at station C in Summary, 2000, it indicated that station C had been polluted very heavily. 3 Deferent seasons and deferent tide sites are the most two important factors which play influence on benthic community structure at stations Al, A2, A3 and B3 in Shenzhen Bay.

用这两种多变量方法研究深圳湾底栖动物群落结构时空差异，结果表明(1)2000年春季深圳湾底栖动物群落结构组成在深圳福田一侧与香港米埔一侧并没有明显的差异，而是沿湾外向湾内呈现连续的梯度变化；(2)在深圳福田一侧的C断面的底栖动物群落结构与A、B断面有明显的差别，2000年夏季在C断面没有采到任何底栖动物，表明C断面已经遭受了严重的污染；(3)季节和潮区是影响深圳湾A1、A2、A3、B3站位底栖动物群落结构组成时空差异的两个最重要的因素。

In the functional mechanism, we should use the technique "use the DNA Microarray to build the gene expression difference chart" to lead to the combination of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy and gene expression difference chart to study. Meanwhile,we can establish a totally new method of screening modern Traditional Chinese Pharmacy based on the gene expression difference chart, it can really make the modernization and internationalization of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy.

在中药作用机制方面，应采用&利用基因芯片建立基因表达差异谱&技术，将中药与基因表达差异谱有机地结合起来进行研究，同时以基因表达差异谱为基础建立一种全新的现代中药筛选方法，使中药真正实现现代化、国际化。

In different conditions, the difference of whisker rotation、cavities evolution and whisker-pulling-out show the difference of grains boundary and interface sliding as well as the difference of capacity of dislocation to coordinate the two sort of slidings.

晶须转动、孔洞演化、晶须拔出等在不同条件下的差异实际上是晶界及界面滑动的差异以及位错对这两种滑动协调能力差异的反映。

To reduce or remove size effect, the size classification elimination method, volume average method and normalization method based on volume were presented and the calibration and prediction results indicate that these three methods could reduce or remove the size effect effectively. The normalization method is more suit to in-line application and obtained better calibration and prediction results with the r of 0.789, 0.858 and 0.947, the RMSEC of 0.596, 0.499 and 0.313, and the RMSEP of 0.606, 0.686 and 0.413 than the results without normalization with the r of 0.716, 0.793 and 0.848, the RMSEC of 0.678, 0.592 and 0.515 and the RMSEP of 0.825, 0.764 and 0.714 for the original spectra, the first derivative spectra and the second derivative spectra with soluble solids content using partial least square method , respectively. 4. Owing to much thick skin of watermelon, contrast experiment was conducted in skin-peeled watermelon and intact watermelon to compare the influence of skin on spectra.

针对西瓜果型大且差异显著的特点，研究果型差异对可见／近红外光谱以及建模与预测结果的影响，并提出三种方法消除或减小这一影响因素，分别是分级消除法、体积平均法和基于体积的正则化方法，其中基于体积的正则化方法，更适合在线生产应用，该方法使果型大小差异明显样品的原始光谱、一阶微分光谱、二阶微分光谱在对可溶性固形物含量检测时，采用偏最小二乘法的建模与预测结果由原来的校正相关系数r分别为0.716、0.793、0.848提高到r分别为0.789、0.858、0.947，均方根校正标准偏差RMSEC由原来的0.678、0.592、0.515分别降为0.596、0.499、0.313，均方根预测标准偏差RMSEP由原来的0.825、0.764、0.714分别降为0.606、0.686、0.413； 4。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。