种姓

According to these religious beliefs, all people are reincarnated on earth, at which time they have a chance to be born into another, higher caste, but only if they have been obedient to the rules of their caste in their previous life on earth.

根据这些宗教的信仰，所有的人是地球上的转世，当时他们有机会到另一个出生，高种姓，但是只有当他们被服从的规则，其种姓在以前的地球上的生命。

Thus the three upper castes alone had the right to know the Vedas and to take part in the sacrifices, and Brahminism, far from being a religion open to all, was exclusively a privilege of birth, from which the despised caste of Sudras was excluded.

因此，这三个上等种姓就有有权知道吠陀，并参加了牺牲， Brahminism ，远远不是一个宗教向所有人开放，完全是一种特权的出生，来自该鄙视种姓的首陀罗被排除在外。

The traditional standpoint thinks the Caste System must be abolished completely a period of time in future because it is the draff of traditional culture.In the conclusion part, this viewpoint is rejected. Because the Caste System is a kind of social construction and values system, it is impossible to abolish the Caste System.

传统观点认为，种姓制度因其落后性在未来一段时间内会被作为传统文化中的糟粕而全面废除，在结论部分，文章批驳了这种论断，认为种姓制度是一种社会组织结构和价值体系，从价值观角度讲，种姓制度是不可能被消灭的。

Caste identity has been sustained and reproduced by caste endogamy, and so are the caste hierarchical values. That's why caste is not the same as ethnicity, though the latter might hint the direction that the former will evolve.

种姓内婚制不仅再生产种姓身份，也是种姓等级价值的隐居之处，这使种姓还不能等同于族群，尽管后者可能是它的方向。

The obligation of the son to follow the calling of his father is no longer binding; men of low castes have risen to high ranks and positions of power; and excommunication, or the loss of caste, is not as serious as it may once have been.

的义务，儿子跟随他的父亲要求的已不再具有约束力；男子低种姓已上升到较高的职级和职务的权力；和逐出教会，或损失的种姓，并不严重，因为它可能会再次被。

Gore belongs to a political caste that doesn't accuse others of the caste of criminality, or of high treason.

戈尔属于一个政治种姓，这并不指责他人的种姓犯罪行为，或高叛国罪。

Intercaste and interreligious marriages are becoming more frequent among the educated, although some aspects of the caste system show remarkable vitality, especially in the matter of appointments and elections.

尽管一些种姓体系的面貌表现出非凡的生命力，各种姓间和各宗教间的通婚在受教育者当中变得越来越频密，尤其是在约会与择配方面。

The traditional Caste System divides the followers of Hinduism into four castes according to the theories of Hinduism. They are Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra.

传统的种姓制度按照印度教的理论把印度教徒划分为四个种姓：婆罗门、刹帝利、吠舍和首陀罗。

One is a hierarchy of endogamous status groups –castes - constituted by rules of propriety and a division of labour among castes, a hierarchy from the lowest to the highest, the most polluted to the purest, in which aspiration to rise in the hierarchy can be realised by caste, or sub-caste mobility, through domination converted into caste, or by acquiring higher caste accomplishment and changing or disguising one's natal status.

一个是族内婚姻群体阶序——种姓制度——各种姓间要遵循等级适当原则和劳动等级分工。该阶序从最底等级到最高等级，最污浊等级到最纯洁等级。在该阶序中，等级上升的愿望可以通过种姓或亚种姓的改变而实现。改变种姓或亚种姓的方法有通过正式的皈依进入种姓，或者取得较高种姓的成就，以及改变或隐瞒其天生的等级地位。

It is good if Venerable Gotama were to explain the Dhamma to me so that I may know who an outcast is and what the conditions are that make an outcast.

乔答摩啊！我确实不懂得无种姓者，或无种姓者的行为，请世尊得答摩为我说法，让我懂得无种姓者，或无种姓者的行为。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。