种外进化

Japonica. Brief speculation on the evolutionary trend of the seed-coat micromorphological features of the genus Kadsura is discussed.Cladistic principles and methods have been employed in this study. The morphological characters have been polarized for phylogenetic analysis. Cladograms have been gotten with the related genus Illicium as the outgroup. As a result, a new system of the genus Kadsura has been reconstructed.

整理有关南五味子属植物研究的资料，补充搜集整理近期发表的资料和作者研究所得的数据，采用分支系统学的原理及方法，对本属植物的形态性状进行分析，确定性状极性，以种为基本进化单元，选择近缘且原始的八角属Illicium作为外类群，采用PAUP软件，对本研究得出的性状数据作系统分析，重建南五味子属的系统发育。

The molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method using software MEGA4.0, and Portunus was clustered with Callinectes first, then they were clustered with Charybdis, and finally with Eriochier sinensis. The results are consistent with classical taxonomy.

用MEGA4.0软件中的NJ法构建了系统进化树，基于16S rRNA和COⅠ2种片段的聚类结果均显示梭子蟹属与美青蟹属亲缘关系最近，先聚在一起，然后再与蟳属聚在一起，最后才与外群中华绒螯蟹聚在一起，这一结果与传统分类基本一致。

Granular glands in the frog skins of Ranidae of amphibians, a widely distributed group with over 650 species, synthesize and secrete a remarkably diverse array of peptides with the broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal and other biologic activities to protect the organism against a wide range of pathogens, which are believed to have arisen as a result of multiple gene duplication events.

蛙科是全球分布最广泛的两栖动物，种类超过650种。为开拓和适应广阔的栖息地及多样的生态环境，其皮肤腺体中进化产生了结构复杂、种类繁多的抗菌肽。它们除具有广谱抗菌活性外，还有抗肿瘤、抗病毒等生物学活性。

Complete genome sequences of 20 viruses in Bunyaviridae loaded from NCBI were analyzed by two biological softwares of DNAMAN and DNASTAR. The results indicated great variability in both nucleic acid sequence and protein structure between plant viruses and animal viruses:(1) only plant viruses could encored NSm in M genome;(2) the length of nucleic acid sequence and protein sequence was different;(3) GC content of nucleic acid of animal viruses was higher than plant viruses of that;(4) protein topology analysis by online software SMART discovered that there was significant difference for the structure of glycoproteins G(subscript nG between animal-infecting and plant-infecting viruses;(5) usually, protein of plant-infecting virus had more complicated structure, more low compositional complexity and had N-Signal peptides except INSV.

本文从NCBI数据库下载具有完整基因组序列的布尼亚科病毒的5个属20种病毒的序列，用生物学软件DNAman，DNAstar进行比对分析，发现布尼亚科病毒属中的植物病毒在核酸序列及蛋白结构上与动物病毒有很大差异：(1)只有植物病毒的M基因组能编码NSm运动蛋白；(2)植物病毒和动物病毒在核酸序列和蛋白质序列长度均有差异，表明该科病毒是进化速度较快的病毒；(3)植物病毒核酸序列的GC含量低于动物病毒；(4)通过SMART网络软件进行蛋白质拓扑结构分析发现植物病毒和动物病毒在糖蛋白GG的结构上存在显著差异；(5)植物病毒糖蛋白结构较为复杂，有较多的紊乱区域，除INSV外，其他病毒都具有N端信号肽。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。