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This paper studied two new processes for catalytic synthesis of decabromodiphenyl ether which were carried out distinguishingly by brominating diphenyl oxide with bromine and bromine chloride in the presence of a novel metal catalyst.

本文研究了采用新型金属型催化剂催化合成十溴二苯醚的溴素法和氯化溴法两种新工艺；利用均匀实验设计和单纯形优化试验技术对两种新工艺的工艺条件进行了优化研究，分别确定了两种工艺路线的最佳工艺条件；通过筛选，确定了一种十溴二苯醚的精制新工艺。

Results showed that planktonic Prorocentrum were assembled to onegroup while benthic Prorocentrum were assembled to another group. The percentagesof the bootstrap values were higher than 95%. The results demonstrated that theplanktonic and benthic Prorocentrum should belong to different genus. Furthermore, the resulting phlogenetic structure showed the percentages of thebootstrap values (98%-100%) of Alexandrium in NJ and ML trees were significantlevers and belong to one group, divergently with genus Gonyaulax.

通过分析 17 种甲藻 18S rDNA 序列构建的系统发育树，营浮游生活的原甲藻在显著水平上聚为一类，而底栖种聚为一类，统计置信度均高于 95％，底栖原甲藻和营浮游生活原甲藻在 NJ 树和 ML 树上均为两个分支，且底栖型的分异速度较浮游型迅速，该结果说明原甲藻属中浮游种和底栖种应分属于不同类群。

And, all individuals of Duroc exhibited the AA genotype but the Sutai pigs exhibited all three kinds of genotypes.

所有猪种中，只有在地方猪种和培育猪种中出现等位基因B，所有猪种除松辽黑猪外均以A为优势等位基因。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

Cold -- temperature is elevatory, can make respiration enhances kind of seed, affect the character of kind of seed and gemmiparous rate directly, had better be in 2, save below the condition of 3 ℃, can reduce the respiration of kind of seed, maintain kind of seed to have longer vitality thereby.

冷——温度升高，会使种籽呼吸作用增强，直接影响种籽的品质和发芽率，最好在2—3℃的条件下保存，可降低种籽的呼吸作用，从而保持种籽有较长的生命力。

The results of the study on the occurrence, distrbution and natural control effect of fourteen parasitic wasps parasitized on two scales in Zhejiang citrus planting areas are presented. The results indicated that Microterys flovus How., M. ceroplastae Prirtsloo, M.sp and Metaphycus pulvinariae How. of Encyrtidae and Coccophagus iycimnia of Aphelindae are predominant, the rate of parasitism is 80-100%. If any one of the above mentioned five species of parasitic wasp is occurred in the orchard, the damage caursed by those two scales could be controlled.

本文对浙江桔区这两类蚧虫的14种寄生蜂的发生、分布及其天然制约作用进行了深入研究，以跳小蜂科的软蚧花翅跳小蜂、蜡蚧花翅跳小蜂、黑褐花翅跳小蜂、软蚧阔柄跳小蜂和蚜小蜂科的赖食软蚧蚜小蜂为优势种，寄生率高达80%～100%，在桔园只要有上述5种中任何一种寄生蜂存在，足以控制两类蚧虫为害。

The results indicated that the separation probability and the quantity of endophytic bacteria varied with seasons and organs.

研究发现内生菌具有丰富的生物多样性，对一种植物而言，分离到的内生真菌和细菌达数种至数十种，有的多达数百种。

By R type analysis, the results show that there are 4 species, Raja kanojei, Coilia mystus, Muraenesox cinereus and Collichthys niveatus, which are correlated closely in spring;and 5 species, Engraulis japonicas, Pseudosciaena polyatis, Lophius litulon, Chelidonichthys kumu and Saurida elongate, in summer; and 5 species, Trichiurus haumela, Pampus nozawae, Erisphex potti, Pneumatophorus japonicas and Pseudosciaena polyatis, in autumn; and 3 species, Trichiurus haumela, Champsodon capensis and Acropoma japonicum, in winter.

根据2000年春（4月）、夏（6月）、秋（9月）、冬（12月）四季东海、黄海底拖网鱼类资源调查资料，使用因子分析的方法分析了该海域鱼类数量分布的季节变化特征。R型分析发现，春季关系最密切的鱼种有4种：斑鳐、凤鲚、海鳗和黑鳃梅童鱼；夏季有5种：鳀、小黄鱼、黄鮟鱇、绿鳍鱼和长蛇鲻；秋季也有5种：带鱼、灰鲳、虻鲉、日本鲭和小黄鱼；冬季有3种：带鱼、鳄齿鱼和发光鲷。

The study reveals that Shanxi Province is rich in entomogenous fungi diversity. About 72 species of 17 genera of fungi are believed exist in the province. Among the fungi collection, 63 species are collected from four national nature reserves in the province, 12 from six major forest areas and another 22 species from the area around Taiyuan. This respectively represents 64.9%, 12.4% and 22.7% of the species collection.

结果表明，山西省虫生真菌资源十分丰富， 10年共采集分离到虫生真菌17属72种，在山西省的四大国家级自然保护区、六大林区及太原等县市分别分离到虫生真菌63种、12种和22种，分别占分离到的山西省虫生真菌的64.9%、12.4%和22.7%。

There are experimental results as follows:(1) Eriophorum comosum Nees shows strong cold resistance in plasmalemma permeability research. The lethal temperature of Eriophorum comosum Nees is the lowest LT_(50 in comparison with another two plants and is lower than -11.5℃ in August 2005 and December 2005; Soluble protein content of each plant is rising before or after cold hardiness. By SDS-PAGE, Protein band is analysed. Band quantity of Eriophorum comosum Nees is the most and its band color is darkest.(2) Soluble sugar content of three plants after cold hardiness are higher than before cold hardiness, moreover soluble sugar content after cold hardiness shows a decline and there is a narrow range in Eriophorum comosum Nees; Free Proline accumulation is changed by cold stress, and cold resistance is relative to free Proline accumulation; chlorophyll content of both three plants, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a/b, show a decline tendency along with the descent of temperature. Cynodon dactylon is highly sensitive to cold stress.(3) The soil POD and urease activities' absolute value of Erioophorum comosum Nees and Pogonatherum panideumHack were more than that of Cynodon dactylon before or after low temperature stress, especially POD activities.

实验结果表明：(1)在膜透性的研究中，丛毛羊胡子草抗寒性最强，采用电导率法测得半致死温度LT_(50最低，丛毛羊胡子草抗寒锻炼前后半致死温度LT_(50均小于-11.5℃；在可溶性蛋白含量研究中，抗寒锻炼前后三种植物的可溶性蛋白含量均增加，同时采用SDS-PAGE法，通过对蛋白条带分析，以丛毛羊胡子草条带数最多且着色深；(2)在可溶性糖的研究中，三种植物经抗寒锻炼后叶片可溶性糖含量都比抗寒锻炼前高，且经过抗寒锻炼后三种植物可溶性糖均呈下降趋势，丛毛羊胡子草可溶性糖含量下降较小；从游离脯氨酸含量可知，低温的胁迫影响了植物叶片游离脯氨酸的含量变化，植物的抗寒性与游离脯氨酸有关；低温胁迫下三种植物叶绿素含量随着温度的下降，叶绿素含量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a／b均呈下降趋势，狗牙根对低温胁迫最为敏感；(3)低温锻炼前后，丛毛羊胡子草和金发草的土壤过氧化物酶与脲酶活性的绝对值均大于狗牙根的，特别是过氧化物酶，说明丛毛羊胡子草和金发草的酶活性大于狗牙根的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。