离线

The most widely employed implementation of off-line process control is off-line optimization using methods of statistical design of experiments .

最被广泛使用的执行离线过程控制是离线优化中的应用方法统计实验设计。

The first one is an algorithm with terminal sliding mode equality constraint. The second is a dual-mode control scheme, which enlarge the terminal region. The sliding mode based MPC is implemented while system state is outside of terminal region, and sliding mode variable structure control designed off-line is used once system state arrives in the terminal region.

第一种方法为终端滑模等式约束非线性模型预测控制方法，首先离线设计切换函数使得滑动模态渐近稳定，然后在有限预测时域的基础上对切换函数附加一个终端等式约束；第二种方法为双模控制方案，在终端区外采用模型预测控制，使得系统状态在有限时域内到达终端区内；在终端区内部采用离线设计的滑模变结构控制，使得系统渐近稳定。

The analysis and comparison of on-line data and off-line data have indicated that on-line monitoring system inflect information sensitively and operate reliably.

通过对已获得的在线、离线数据进行了分析、比较，认为在线监测装置与离线监测相比，具有反映灵敏、检测精度高等特点，其运行是可靠的。

Generally speaking, the offline or semi-offline system is relied on manual work to input massive original data, and then the system will complete the computation.

3离线或半离线系统一般依靠人工输入大量的原始数据，然后由系统完成计算。

This paper putemphasis on analyzing the principle of off-board diagnostics and the plan ofpractice, and have designed and developed off-board diagnostic testerinteracting with on-board diagnostics.

本文重点分析了离线诊断的原理及实现方案，设计并研制出与方案设计相互作用的离线电控系统。

In this research, tebuconazole was chosen as the template. By optimizing the preparing conditions, TBZ imprinted polymers were used to determine the trace amount of TBZ in biological and environemtal samples (cabbage, pannage, shrimp, orange juice and tap water) in an off-line mode for the first time.

本论文以三唑类杀菌剂中的戊唑醇为代表分子，通过优化戊唑醇分子印迹聚合物的制备条件，以离线固相萃取检测环境中的戊唑醇，首次实现了以离线模式检测包菜、饲料、虾肉、桔汁、水中痕量的戊唑醇。

In the first year, a dynamic energy interpolating circuit will be developed to substitute for the static transfer switch of off-line UPS's. This circuit is able to provide the output power for off-line UPS's about half-cycle time while the utility is blackout but the inverter still no yet starts to take over the UPS output.

第一年之子计画刻正进行研制一种取代离线式不断电系统中静态转换开关之动态能量补间电路，该电路系为可在市电中断至变流器启动前，提供离线式不断电系统约半周期之输出电源之一种极低容量谐振型电路，俾使离线式不断电电源系统之运作得具零转换时间之特性。

Firstly, electrization knowledge related to the research is introduced. After a deep study on various contact loss detection techniques, especially on the electric arcs detection techniques, we draw the conclusion that the untouched detection technique based on phototube sensor can acquire exact contact loss information, and will to be the leading technique for contact loss measurement in future. Secondly, combining with the special railways system in our country, we analyze the cause of the arcs, and the influence on the power supply system and the on board traction drive due to the arcs in detail, and study the arcs' spectrum characteristic. We also analyze detecting principles and put forward with a method - using phototube sensor to detect the contact loss arcs, conceive the configurations and detection flows of the measurement.

文章通过对电气化铁道相关知识的了解及对国内外离线检测技术的深入了解，尤其是对离线电弧检测技术的了解，总结出了基于光电传感器的非接触离线电弧检测系统能够得到准确的弓网离线情况，并且是国内外检测技术的发展方向；文章详细的分析了离线电弧产生的原因，电弧对机车牵引动力的影响情况，研究了我国铁路系统中离线电弧的光谱特征分布；分析了系统的检测原理，提出了采用光电传感器实现对离线电弧进行检测的方法，并设计了"电力机车弓网离线电弧检测装置"的检测功能和管理功能，规划了系统的组成结构及检测流程。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cashsystem with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile commerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash'system with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile co mmerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。