离焦

The principle of defocus detection by critical angle method is introduced and the expression of defocus is deduced with Gauss optical formula based on Fresnel formula and a reasonable hypothesis.

介绍了临界角法离焦检测的基本原理，通过合理假设，利用菲涅尔公式和高斯光学公式得到了离焦误差信号的计算公式。

Noll. From the irradiance distribution in two defocal planes, one in front of focal plane and the other behind, with a given detector array the elements of response matrix for each normalized term of Zernike polynomials can be obtained. For an incoming atmospheric disturbed random wavefront, with its irradiance distribution detected in two defocal planes and the response matrix, it is easy to solve the corresponding Zernike term coefficients of incoming wavefront and reconstruct the detected one.

Noll建议的Zernike多项式表征经大气扰动的入瞳处的光学波前畸变；求出由两个离焦面上的光强分布决定的归一化Zernike项在特定形状的探测器上的响应矩阵；由响应矩阵和入瞳处的波前在两个离焦面上的光强分布，求出其Zernike项的系数，从而实现波前的探测和重构。

Defocusing effect on the patterns of microlens array imaging photolithography is analyzed, and tolerance of defocusing range of the system is given.

本文分析了离焦量对微透镜列阵成像光刻图形质量的影响，给出了系统离焦量的容差。

So the defocus quantity is calculated by detecting the image spot position offset and the front focus plane of the collimation lens can be adjusted on the first image of the theodolite.

该方法利用半反半透镜将准直物镜后的物光折转，采用双分离透镜将目标成像到CCD上，经视频驱动、放大电路、再经A/D转换后输入到微机进行图像信号处理，这样，通过检测像的偏移量求出离焦量的大小和方向，然后驱动调焦部件使准直镜的前焦点在经纬仪的第一像面上。

When one element of an N-element array is aberrated, the most sensitive aberration is Piston error, and then the sensitive aberrations are element defocus, tilt, spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism. As for four aperture system, the influence of Piston error is 2 times larger than that of defocus, and 4 times larger than that of astigmatism.

在合成孔径成像系统单个子孔径存在像差的情况下，Piston误差对系统的影响最大，其次是离焦误差、倾斜误差、球差、彗差和像散，对于四孔径系统，Piston误差对系统的影响几乎是离焦误差的2倍，像散的4倍。

The clarity-evaluation-function of out-of-focus blurred image is a key factor for auto-focusing of microscope by using digital image processing,and it is also an important evaluation of the restoration quality of defo-cused image.

离焦模糊图像清晰度评价函数是采用数字图像处理技术实现显微镜自动调焦的一个关键，也是图像恢复中评价图像质量的一个重要判据。

The thesis analyzes the impact of changing zoom rate caused by out-of-focus and uses telecentric optics system to eliminate the impact approximately.

分析了离焦产生的光学系统放大倍率改变对调焦的影响后，引入远心光学系统来近似消除这种影响。

When breaking imaging rules leads to out-of-focus, we need the machine vision system to adjust its optical parameters quickly and intelligently. So we can get clear and usable images. On the other aspect, out-of-focus only depends on the optical parameters which contain the depth information of objects. By using the information, we can recover the three-dimensional image of the objects.

当违背成像规律产生离焦时，一方面需要机器视觉系统能够智能、快速的调节光学参数以聚焦，从而得到清晰、可用的图像，保证机器视觉系统的正常运行；另一方面离焦程度与光学参数相关，其中隐含有景物的深度信息，利用此信息，可以恢复出景物的三维形貌。

Single-mode fiber-optical confocal scanning laser microscopy is a new scanning microscopic imaging system, which is based on the modern optics technology and electronics technology. The characteristic of point source and point detector removes the out-of-focus light that makes the image become blur. Therefore, it has excellent resolution in axial directions, and can achieve 3-D imaging of microorganism.

单模光纤激光共焦扫描显微镜是现代光电技术结合的新型扫描显微成像系统，其独特的点照明与点探测机理排除了离焦光线对图像造成的模糊和斑点影响，因而具有出众的轴向分辨率，能够实现对微小物体的三维成像。

Laser confocal scanning microscopy is a new technology combining modern optics and electronics. The unique feature of point light source and point detecting eliminates out-of-focus blur and spots. Therefore, the axial and lateral resolution of the system is superior and 3-D imaging can be realized by scanning point by point of the object profile. Because of its advantages, confocal measurement technology is widely applied in many fields, such as medical treatment, biology, configuration of substances and micro-electronics.

激光共焦扫描显微术是结合了现代光电技术的新型扫描显微成像方法，其独特的点照明与点探测机理排除了离焦光线对图像造成的模糊和斑点影响，因而具有出众的轴向分辨率和横向分辨率；采用扫描技术在样品表面的各点逐点扫描，能够实现对微小物体的三维成像，因此在医疗、生物、物质结构、微电子等领域均具有广泛的应用。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。