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The results of toxicity determination of benzoic acid and phenylacetic acid showed that BA and PA were all toxic to masson pine excised needle and excised branch, among those the toxicity of BA was stronger.

3苯甲酸和苯乙酸的毒性测定显示，苯甲酸和苯乙酸对马尾松离体松叶和离体松枝均具有毒性，其中苯甲酸的毒性较强。

In addressing the heterogeneity factor, this paper will use Logistic regression, the Beta-binomial model the Williams method arid GLMM to analyze the secondary data collected at the incidence of Downy mildew on grapes and Phomopsis leaf blight on strawberrys. Also, there will he a thorough discussion on the advantages and disadvantages among the different model approaches according to -2 Res Log Likelihood, AIC, BIC and residual plots.

本研究旨在探讨病害发生率的研究中，以层次取样法进行抽样，并以实际资料葡萄露菌病和草莓叶枯病的病害发生率为例，藉由计算离势参数、-2 Res Log Likelihood、AIC、BIC和绘制残差图，比较逻辑斯回归、贝他－二项模式、威廉斯模式与广义线性混合模式四种模式对资料进行配适情形，来探讨这些方法克服过度离势的能力并比较其优劣。

Male flowers small, 1-3 per bract-axil, subsessile; sepals 3, free or very indistinctly connate at base; petals and disk absent; stamens 3; filaments free; anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent.

雄花小，1-3 每苞片，近无柄；萼片3，离生或非常不清楚在基部合生；花瓣和花盘无；雄蕊3；花丝离生花药纵向开裂；无退化雌蕊。

Male flowers: sepals 5, imbricate, slightly connate at base; petals 5, imbricate, free, sometimes coherent or connate at base; disk glands 5, free or connate into ring; stamens 8-12, sometimes more, in 2-6 series; filaments at least partly connate, sometimes inner filaments connate into a column; pistillode filamentous or absent.

雄花 萼片5，覆瓦状，稍合生在基部；花瓣5，覆瓦状，离生，有时连着的或在基部合生；花盘腺体5，离生或合生为环状；雄蕊8-12，有时更多，在2-6 轮；花丝部分至少合生，有时内部花丝合生为柱子；退化雌蕊丝状的或无。

Male flowers in apical part of inflorescences, small, yellow, 5-9-fascicled in axil of bracts, with distinct pedicel; pistillode absent; calyx membranous, cupular-shaped, shallowly 2-lobed; petals and disk absent; stamens 2; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent.

雄花在花序的顶部生，小，黄，5-9簇生在苞片腋，具离生的花梗；无退化雌蕊。花萼膜质，杯状，浅2裂；花瓣和花盘无；雄蕊2；花丝离生花药2室，纵向开裂。

Male flowers: sepals 5 or 6, free, imbricate, sometimes glandular abaxially; petals absent; disk extrastaminal or intrastaminal, annular or dissected; stamens 6-60, free; anthers longitudinally dehiscing; pistillode absent.

雄花L 萼片5或6，离生，覆瓦状，有时具腺背面；花瓣无；花盘雄蕊外的或雄蕊内，环状的或多裂；雄蕊6-60，离生；花药纵向开裂；无退化雌蕊。

Male flowers: pedicel articulated at base; sepals 5, free, valvate, initially curved around stamens, later reflexed; petals and disk absent; stamens 5, free, inserted at bases of sepals; filaments short; anthers larger, thecae 2, parallel, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal; pistillode short and broad, peltate.

雄花 花梗有节在基部；萼片5，离生，镊合状，最初在雄蕊周围弯曲，后反折；花瓣和花盘无；雄蕊5，离生，着生在萼片的基部；花丝短；花药大，囊2，平行，内向，纵裂；退化雌蕊短和宽，盾形。

In order to understand the relationship between endogenous phytohormones and preharvest fruit drop of apples, contents of IAA and ABA in peduncle, bourse and the tissues around abscission zone of several apple cultivars were periodically analyzed during 8 weeks before harvest, and activity of cellulase in the tissues around abscission zone were periodically analyzed during 20 days before harvest, and ethylene evolution in fruit were analyzed in harvest time.

为了探讨苹果采前落果与内源激素之间的关系，在采前8周间定期测定了不同苹果品种的果柄、果台和离层形成部位组织中IAA、ABA含量；在采收前20d内定期测定了离层部位组织中细胞壁分解酶的活性；在收获期测定了果实乙烯的发生量。

Results showed that contents of IAA and ABA in peduncle, bourse and the tissues around abscission zone among several cultivars were very different, but their trend of change was similar, IAA content decreased and ABA content increased toward harvest time for all the cultivars. Ethylene evolution in fruit of the cultivars with higher preharvest drop was evidently higher than the cultivars with less preharvest drop. Cellulase activity in the tissues around abscission zone of the cultixars with higher prehanest drop rapidly increased toward harvest time.

结果表明：不同品种果柄、果台和离层部位组织中IAA和ABA含量变化有差异，但它们变化的总趋势相似，都是随着果实成熟IAA含量下降，而ABA含量上升；不同品种的成熟果实中乙烯发生量有很大差异，以落果多的品种显著大于落果少的品种；采前落果重的品种离层部位组织中细胞壁分解酶的活性在果实成熟期急剧增加。

Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or oblong, terete or 4-angled, sessile; valves with a prominent midvein and distinct marginal veins, glabrous or scabrous, torulose; replum rounded; septum complete; style obsolete or distinct and to 6 mm; stigma capitate. Seeds uniseriate, wingless, oblong, plump; seed coat longitudinally striate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent.

果开裂的长角果，线形的或长圆形，圆柱状的或四棱形，无柄；裂爿具突出中脉和离生边缘脉，无毛或粗糙，；假隔膜绕行；隔膜完全；花柱废退的或离生和对6毫米；柱头头状种子单列，无翼，长方形，肥厚；纵向具条纹，不黏的种皮被弄湿；子叶现任。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。