福利的

Article 76 The State shall develop social welfare undertakings, construct public welfare facilities, and provide conditions for labourers to rest, recuperate and convalesce

第七十六条国家发展社会福利事业，兴建公共福利设施，为劳动者休息、休养和疗养提供条件用人单位应当创造条件，改善集体福利，提高劳动者的福利待遇

First part is the criticism of the institutional theory of western welfare states: firstly it argues against the limited of personal freedom and choice; then it argues against the importunity of result equality; at last it argues against the national monopolization of welfare.

首先弗里德曼从三个方面对福利国家的基本理念进行了批判：一是福利国家对个人自由和选择的限制；二是福利国家的收入分配强求结果平等；三是福利国家垄断福利市场。

The legal right is a key ponent in the right system As crude right bee the legal right system undergo national intermediary of will , bee peoples actual right Legal right takes many forms in the right system by the angle many ways The legal right is besides having characteristic of right generality, and its ones own essential feature Value of the legal right: It reflect one country bee basic interests respect and basic personality independent great attention of demand of people, profound understanding and care to the human In a country that works for the interests of people, it is an equalization point among individual, country and society, it has brought freedom , order and justice

法律权利是权利体系中的核心组成部分。对于主体的应有权利来说，只有经过国家意志的中介，才能上升为法律权利体系，才能成为人的实际权利，即成为现实的有法律根据的权利。法律权利除具有权利共性的特征外，还有其自身的基本特征。法律权利的价值所在：它体现了一个国家对人之所以成为人的基本利益需求的尊重和基本人格独立的高度重视，体现了对人性之深层次的理解和关怀。在一个为民众谋福利的国度里，它是个人与集体、国家和社会之间的一个平衡点，它带来了自由、秩序与正义。

Finally, using this analysis framework and unifying the practice of the reform of institutions and public finance system, this paper preliminarily analyzes the overall way of constructing our country's non-profit organization system This paper makes conclusions as follow:1~, it is necessary to carry on the trichotomy to the field of resources disposition from the point of the supply-demand relation configuration because of the limitations to Bipolar Paradigm between market and government.2~, introducing the market mechanism to the domain of public service is helpful to improve economic efficiency of the supplies, but the lack of the corresponding ethics value standard and the government structure will cause the erosion of public welfare and the loss of commonality and fairness.3~, the sources of the fault to the reform of institutions are the vacancy of public ethics goal and the lag of public service fundamental research, which makes the reform of institutions follow the way of the reform of enterprise.

在完成公共服务分析框架后，作为本论文研究体系的延伸，在本文的最后部分，运用这一分析框架，结合我国事业单位改革和非营利组织发展的实践与公共财政体制改革，初步分析了构建我国公共事业体制框架的总体思路。通过公共服务分析框架的构建，本文得出的基本结论有以下几点：1、市场和政府二分的范式对认识公共服务和公共事业领域的资源配置存在局限性，因此有必要从供求关系构型上对资源配置场域进行三分法的划分。2、简单地在公共服务领域引入市场机制有助于供给者的经济效率提高，但是，如没有相应的伦理价值理念的规范和治理结构，必然会导致对公益消费者公共福利的侵蚀，出现公共性与公正性的流失。3、以推向市场和创收为实质内涵的我国事业单位改革失误的根源，在于公共伦理目标的缺失和对公共服务理论研究的滞后，因而才沿袭了企业改革的思维和方法。

With being discussed city development level, economic benefit, social benefit and items feasibility, the elements affecting city track transportation type choice is studied. And from social welfare, the economic benefit is put emphasis on: starting with the benefits of tripper and operator, it is studied respectively under three conditions, maximal social welfare, maximal social welfare with no operating profit, and maximal social welfare considering govenment allowance and business income.

论文从城市总体发展水平、经济效益、社会效益、项目实施的可行性四个方面出发，对影响城市轨道交通类型选择的因素进行讨论，并从社会福利角度着重分析了修建城市轨道交通的经济效益：经济效益从出行者效益和运营者效益两方面入手，对其在社会福利最大、运营利润为零的社会福利最大和考虑政府补贴及物业收入的社会福利最大三种情况下进行了讨论。

This term can be defined as any social policy in which participation in job search, training, or work is a condition of receiving benefits (Vickerstaff 1999:151). In other words, workfare is the system whereby claimants are required to engage in some form of employment or training scheme in order to qualify for benefits Fitzpatrick 1999:280

工作福利一词可被界定为凡所有的社会政策，涉及敦促失业者找工作，接受训练或工作，作为请领津贴的条件，皆称为「工作福利」，易言之，工作福利是一福利制度，要求申请者必要参与某些型态的就业或训练，才能合格申请津贴，称之为「工作福利

We generally and I think rightly applaud the substitution of workfare for welfare, because welfare promotes dependency by taxing work heavily--if welfare is cut off when the recipient's income reaches, say,$20,000 a year, so that if he was receiving welfare payments in cash or kind worth $2,000 an increase in his income to $23,000 will net him only $1,000 ($23,000 -$2,000 =$1,000), this means that his marginal income tax rate is .67--a potent discouragement to working.

我们大都赞成用工作福利（按：领取福利金的失业者要参与公益活动等工作）来取代社会保障福利，我认为这是理所应当的，因为社会保障福利制度对参加劳动课以重税而徒增加了人们对社会救助的依赖性——如果一个领着社会保障金的人收入达到

It is pointed out that the Thatcherite social welfare idea was an overall reaction to the collectivistic social welfare idea which rose in the late 19th century and the early 20 century, and a challenge to the postwar common sense of social welfare.

指出撒切尔主义社会福利观是对19世纪末20世纪初兴起的集体主义社会福利观的一种全面反动与对战后社会福利共识的—种挑战，其的核心内容是：欲重构社会福利服务供给体系中国家与社会、国家与个人间的责任关系，实现社会福利领域中责任分担的基本平衡。

The contradictions of traditional military welfare system are as follows:the contradiction between unjustice of distribution and the fair principle of welfare,the contradiction between governmentalisation and socialization,the contradiction between rigidity of supply and elasticity of demand,the contradiction between marginal cost of public welfare and marginal cost of personal welfare.

传统的军队福利制度是根植于革命战争年代的供给制和传统计划经济体制，这就决定了它与现代市场经济体制、和平与发展时期军队建设的客观要求不相适应。传统军队福利制度面临的困境可以概括为&四大矛盾&：分配不公与福利公平分配的矛盾、政府化与社会化的矛盾、供给刚性与需求弹性的矛盾以及公共福利边际成本与个人福利边际成本的矛盾。

Therefore, it is the main tattles and measure with which we deal with this problem in China to know the animal welfare correctly, to strengthen its law, to build up the predictable system, to reform agricultural and animal husbandry producing ways, to enlarge the investment of its capital and counteract the new trade protectionism according to the law.

因此，正确认识动物福利问题、增强动物福利意识、加强动物福利立法、建立预警机制、改革农牧业的生产方式、加大投入和依法抵制新贸易保护主义是我国应对动物福利壁垒的主要策略和措施。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。