神经细胞体

In the brain of adult rat, the positive immunohistochemical product of lSL-l (ISL-l-positive) was mainly located in the neuronal nucleus and found in discrete regions except to brain cortex, such as the Purkinje cell layer and the granular cell layer of cerebellum, the granular cell layer and the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus, the mitral cell layer, the internal and external plexiform layer, the granular cell layer and the granular cell layer of olfactory bulb and so on, and several nuclei of the hypothalamus, midbrain and pons, such as claustrum, anterior olfactory nucleus, accumbens nucleus, caudate-ptamen, pallidum, substantia nigra, striatum, islands of Callaje, mammillary nucleus, anterior pretactal nucleus, habenular nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus, cuneate nucleus, rubral nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and so on.

在正常成年大鼠脑中，同源框基因islet-1表达产物（ISL-1）免疫组织化学阳性物质广泛分布于除大脑皮层外的神经细胞的细胞核内，ISL-1阳性神经元密集分布于小脑Purkinje细胞层和颗粒细胞层、海马的颗粒细胞层和锥体细胞层、嗅球的内丛层、外丛层、颗粒细胞层及僧帽细胞层等，另外在丘脑、中脑和桥脑的一些重要神经元核团均有分布，如，屏状核、前嗅核、伏核、尾壳核、苍白球、黑质、纹状体、Calleja岛、乳头体核、前顶盖前核、缰核、杏仁核、楔束核、红核网状巨细胞核等。

The course will start with an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the development of their structure and major divisions. The major functional components of the CNS will then be reviewed individually. Topography, functional distribution of nerve cell bodies, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. Brainstem organization and functional components, including cranial nerve nuclei, ascending / descending pathways, amine-containing cells, structure and information flow in the cerebellar and vestibular systems. Distribution of the cranial nerves, resolution of their skeletal and branchial arch components. Functional divisions of the Diencephalon and Telencephalon. The course will then continue with how these various CNS pieces and parts work together.

这门课将会从中枢和周边神经系统构造的发展和主要的分化点来概述，中枢神经系统的主要功能将会在复习中个别地说明：神经细胞体的断层以及功能性的分布、脊髓内上升和下降神经束的特征学和功能分布；脑干组织和功能要素，包括脑神经核、上升和下降神经束走向、含胺基酸脑激素细胞的分布、小脑和内耳前庭系统的构造和资讯传导流；颅神经的分布、骨弓和腮弓的演化；间脑和终脑的功能与分类；这门课将会探讨这些不同的中枢神经系统如何一起作用。

These motor nerve cell bodies are in the front pole of the white matter.

这些运动神经细胞体是在前线极白质。

The result showed that IFN-γ was distributed over 20 nucleus of the hypothalamus, such as nucleus mamillaris medialis, nucleus pre-opticus medialis, area anterior hypothalami, nucleus ventromedialis, nucleus reunions, nucleus paraventricularis, nucleus supra optic, and etc. Many of IFN-γ positive nerve fibers were found in supra optic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus mamillaris medialis and etc. Nerve fibers and astrocytes IFN-γ immunoreactive positive cells spreaded in paraventricular nucleus, nucleus pre-opticus lateralis, nucleus pre-opticus medialis and etc. At the same time, IFN-γ is also observed obviously in adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. IFN-γ also expresses in follicular and corpus luteum.

结果显示，IFN-γ分布于乳头体内侧核、视前内侧核、下丘脑前区、腹内侧核、连接核、室旁核、视上核等20个核团中，各部分核团细胞着色程度深浅不一；在视上核、室旁核分泌部乳头体内侧核等有大量的阳性神经纤维；同时在室周核、视前外侧核、视前内侧核等13个核团中散布有一些阳性星形胶质细胞，与阳性神经细胞交错共存；腺垂体中腺细胞和神经垂体中神经纤维均有IFN-γ表达；卵泡和黄体中也有IFN-γ存在。

It may have a preventional function from Alzheimer's disease. Molecular biological studies are shown that apoE isoform has a isoform-specific role to neurodegeneration. ApoE〓 and apoE〓 aid to sustain the stabilization of cytoskeleton protein tau, while apoE〓 hyperphosphorylates tau to destabilize the microtubule protein, which will make neurocyte easy to form neurofibrillary tangles in AD. Clearance of amyloidal peptide by apoE〓 and apoE〓 is more effective than by apoE〓. ApoE〓 has the strongest ability to clear the amyloidal peptide. It is shown that apoE〓 has a stronger prevention from Alzheimer's disease.

分子生物学研究发现，apoE异构体对神经细胞退化表现出异构体特异作用，apoE〓和apoE〓有助于维持微管的稳定性，而apoE〓则使tau蛋白超磷酸化，破坏微管的稳定性，使神经细胞易于形成神经纤维缠结。apoE〓和apoE〓对A β的清除率远远高于apoE〓，apoE〓对A β的清除能力最强，可见apoE〓对AD的发生具有较强的阻止作用。

N perifocal tissue intracerebral hemorrhage there were rarefaction neuron,cell spaces augmentation,cell diminution,distinct demarcation of cell membrane and surrounding,and we discovered a lot of degeneration and necrosis nerve cells,cell body collapsed,pycnosis anachromasis,nucleoli disappeared. In EPO group we discovered that center area of hemorrhage shinked,nerve cells of degeneration and necrosis decreased in perifocal tissue,majority cells morphous were normal and pathological changes were light.

CH对照组在术后皮层出血中心无神经元，仅见少量胶质细胞，细胞间质空泡样改变；出血边缘区神经元稀疏，细胞间隙增大，细胞缩小，胞膜与周围分界清楚，并可见大量变性及坏死的神经细胞，表现为胞体皱缩，核固缩深染，核仁消失。rhEPO治疗组出血中心区变小，边缘区神经细胞变性坏死减少，多数存活细胞形态相对正常，病变较轻。

To explore how gene products, required for the initiation of synaptic growth, move from the cell body of the sensory neuron to its presynaptic terminals, and from the cell body of the motor neuron to its postsynaptic dendritic spines, we have investigated the anterograde transport machinery in both the sensory and motor neurons of the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia.

为了探索突触形成起始阶段所需的基因表达产物，由感知神经细胞体向脊柱终端，以及由驱动神经细胞体向联会后枝状脊柱的移动，研究人员对与海蜗牛腮回退反射有关的，感知和驱动神经的顺式传递装置。

Moreover, we established the model of apoptosis induced by corticosterone and explored the effect of gangliosides, which is a active component in pilous antler, on this apoptotic cell model. The effects of gangliosides on neurotransmitter release, neuronal filopodia formation, calcium signal cascade and 5-HTl A receptor-ligand competitive binding were also studied. 2. Theory study: The viewpoint on brain and kidney in traditional Chinese medicine and that in Western medicine were comparatively studied. The essence of the relationship between kidney and brain in traditional Chinese medicine Subsequently, in combination with the analysis on the results in the empirical study, we discussed the essence of the relationship between kidney and brain in traditional Chinese medicine from the viewpoint about the feedback mechanism of hippocampus-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.

体外实验采用糖皮质激素建立神经细胞凋亡模型，研究鹿茸有效成分的干预作用，并从神经递质释放、神经细胞丝状伪足生成、神经细胞钙信号途径、5-HT_(1A)受体配体竞争结合等方面进行机制探讨。2、理论研究：比较中西医学对肾和脑的传统认识以及现代研究，分析中医学中肾和脑的现代科学内涵，结合实验研究结果，从现代生物学海马—下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴负反馈机制的角度对中医肾脑相关理论的实质进行探讨。

While the tissue spaces surrounding a few blood vessels wasAl and Fg positive,no Al or Fg positive cells were observed.In antemortem injurygroup,diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage,cerebral edema,swelling or pyknotic neu-rons could be observed.The axons showed irregular swelling and disconnection at1～3h,marked swelling and disconnection at 6h,and retraction ball at 15h whichwas more remarkable at 24h after injury.The space between myelin sheaths andaxons was increased at 3～6h after injury.Tortuous and wavelike myelin sheathswhich adhered on axons incompletely,or even peeled off could be found from 15hto 24h after injury.Perinuclear lysis of Nissl bodies began at 24h after injury.Thenumber of GFAP positive cells in cerebrum and brain-stem increased significantlyfollowed by decrease,and then increased again,but the time courses of the changesin different areas of brain were not same.Al and Fg positive neural cells,mainlysurrounded blood vessels,with diffuse or peripherally distributed positive matter incytoplasm could be observed at 0.5h after injury.The number of Al or Fg positivecells and the intensity of immunoreaction increased with the time of injury.The areaof SYN positivity in medulla oblongata and pons decreased notably 3～6h afterinjury,then return to normal levels and continued to 24h after injury.

生前损伤组，可见广泛蛛网膜下腔出血，脑组织水肿，神经细胞肿胀，晚期神经元固缩；伤后1～3h见部分神经轴突不规则增粗、断裂，伤后6h断端膨大，伤后15h可见收缩球，至伤后24h更为明显；伤后3～6h可见部分神经髓鞘与轴突之间的间隙增宽，伤后15h髓鞘明显曲折，不完全附着在轴突两侧，甚至剥脱，持续到伤后24h；核周尼氏体减少在伤后24h才开始出现；同一部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目随损伤时间发生改变，先增多（最早在伤后0.5h），达到高峰后减少，其后又有增多趋势，但不同部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目增减的时间过程不尽相同，同时，大脑中的GFAP阳性细胞数目也有改变；伤后0.5h，可在脑干组织中见到Al和Fg阳性神经细胞，主要位于血管周围，阳性物在胞浆中呈弥散性分布，但部分细胞的阳性物仅分布于靠近胞膜的胞浆中而呈环状，随损伤时间延长，阳性细胞数目增多，反应强度增加；伤后3～6h，延髓及桥脑中的SYN阳性物面积减少，其后恢复到正常水平，并持续到伤后24h。

On the other hand, we found for the first time that mammalian neurosteroids-like immunopositive nerve cell and its fiber existed in the brain vesicle and nerve tube of Amphioxus, and the positive substance distributed in the cytoplasm of nerve cell, while nucleus showed negative reaction.

本文研究还首次发现，文昌鱼脑泡和神经管中存在哺乳动物神经甾体激素样免疫阳性神经细胞及其纤维，免疫阳性物分布在神经细胞胞质，核显阴性反应。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。