神经细胞

At 2 weeks following injury, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that brain tissue breakage at damaged site as scar connection, remarkable porosis in the blank group; typical morphological changes as neural cells at the transplanted site in the control group; typical morphological changes as neural cells without cavity in the experimental group.

伤后2周苏木精-伊红染色空白组可见损伤处脑组织断裂，为瘢痕连接，有明显空洞形成；对照组在移植部位出现典型的神经细胞样形态学改变；实验组出现典型的神经细胞样形态学改变且空洞消失。

While the tissue spaces surrounding a few blood vessels wasAl and Fg positive,no Al or Fg positive cells were observed.In antemortem injurygroup,diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage,cerebral edema,swelling or pyknotic neu-rons could be observed.The axons showed irregular swelling and disconnection at1～3h,marked swelling and disconnection at 6h,and retraction ball at 15h whichwas more remarkable at 24h after injury.The space between myelin sheaths andaxons was increased at 3～6h after injury.Tortuous and wavelike myelin sheathswhich adhered on axons incompletely,or even peeled off could be found from 15hto 24h after injury.Perinuclear lysis of Nissl bodies began at 24h after injury.Thenumber of GFAP positive cells in cerebrum and brain-stem increased significantlyfollowed by decrease,and then increased again,but the time courses of the changesin different areas of brain were not same.Al and Fg positive neural cells,mainlysurrounded blood vessels,with diffuse or peripherally distributed positive matter incytoplasm could be observed at 0.5h after injury.The number of Al or Fg positivecells and the intensity of immunoreaction increased with the time of injury.The areaof SYN positivity in medulla oblongata and pons decreased notably 3～6h afterinjury,then return to normal levels and continued to 24h after injury.

生前损伤组，可见广泛蛛网膜下腔出血，脑组织水肿，神经细胞肿胀，晚期神经元固缩；伤后1～3h见部分神经轴突不规则增粗、断裂，伤后6h断端膨大，伤后15h可见收缩球，至伤后24h更为明显；伤后3～6h可见部分神经髓鞘与轴突之间的间隙增宽，伤后15h髓鞘明显曲折，不完全附着在轴突两侧，甚至剥脱，持续到伤后24h；核周尼氏体减少在伤后24h才开始出现；同一部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目随损伤时间发生改变，先增多（最早在伤后0.5h），达到高峰后减少，其后又有增多趋势，但不同部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目增减的时间过程不尽相同，同时，大脑中的GFAP阳性细胞数目也有改变；伤后0.5h，可在脑干组织中见到Al和Fg阳性神经细胞，主要位于血管周围，阳性物在胞浆中呈弥散性分布，但部分细胞的阳性物仅分布于靠近胞膜的胞浆中而呈环状，随损伤时间延长，阳性细胞数目增多，反应强度增加；伤后3～6h，延髓及桥脑中的SYN阳性物面积减少，其后恢复到正常水平，并持续到伤后24h。

The protection of AF－1 was observed with the measurement of transudatory rate of LDH ,the breaking rate of DNA and contents of LPO and SOD,Results:The intotoxincation of glutamate was decreased by AF－1 which reduced the transudatory rate of LDH,the breaking rate of DNA and the content of LPO,and increased the content of SOD in culture significantly.

通过测定乳酸脱氢酶漏出率、DNA断裂率、超氧化物歧化酶和脂质过氧化物，观察AF－1药物的保护作用。结果：高浓度的谷氨酸可增加培养神经细胞的LDH释放率和DNA断裂率，并诱导自由基产生。AF－1明显降低谷氨酸的神经细胞毒性，使LDH释放率及DNA断裂率明显降低，LPO含量明显下降，SOD含量明显升高。

In the early stage of its development, once induced by the morphogen,transcription factors such as SHH, WNT and BMP, are specifically expressed in neuronalcells to trigger the downstream effects, and determine the cell fate finally.

在神经系统发育的早期，在SHH，WNT，BMP等形态发生因子的调控下，神经细胞内的转录因子特异性表达，并启动一系列的转录事件，最终决定神经细胞分化方向。

Toluidine blue staining procedure showed that the neural complex consisted of cerebral ganglion, neural gland and loose connective tissue; the cerebral ganglion was divided into three parts as cerebral cortex, medullary layer and transitional zone; the neural gland was composed of glandular lobules, closely apposing at ventral side of the cerebral ganglion; the neurons and nerve fibers were colored deeply, making a distinct contrast with the background, while neither the neurons nor the nerve fibers were distinctly colored by Golgi-argentraffin staining procedure.

甲苯胺蓝染色法显示，神经复合体由神经节、神经腺和疏松结缔组织组成；神经节分为皮质部、髓质部和过渡带；神经腺位于神经节背侧面，由腺小叶组成；神经细胞呈深蓝色，神经纤维呈浅蓝色，与背景反差较大。Golgi镀银法显示的结果不理想，神经细胞和神经纤维着色不明显。

JOSEPH HEBLIN: Right, the synaptic gap is the space between the two neurons, sort of little blabs come out from each neuron, sort of like, looks like a mushroom.

约瑟夫·赫本林：是的，神经键间隙是两个神经细胞之间的间距，就像蘑菇一样每个神经细胞会冒出一些小东西。

Following the deep researches of glaucoma pathological mechanism, the protective effects of neurotrophic were more and more important for therapy of glaucoma.ciliary neurotrophic factor can induce differentiation of nerve cells, decrease apoptosis of nerve cells and accelerator regeneration of cells.

随着对青光眼病理机制研究的深入，其治疗也由单一的降低眼内压的同时加强神经功能的保护，睫状神经营养因子可诱导多种神经细胞分化，减少神经细胞凋亡和促进细胞再生。

On the other hand, we found for the first time that mammalian neurosteroids-like immunopositive nerve cell and its fiber existed in the brain vesicle and nerve tube of Amphioxus, and the positive substance distributed in the cytoplasm of nerve cell, while nucleus showed negative reaction.

本文研究还首次发现，文昌鱼脑泡和神经管中存在哺乳动物神经甾体激素样免疫阳性神经细胞及其纤维，免疫阳性物分布在神经细胞胞质，核显阴性反应。

Gangliosides antagonized the apoptosis induced by corticosteron, and the underlying mechanism is related to activiation of neuronal calcium signal cascade, promoting neurotransmitter release. Gangliosides also have an ability to promote the neuronal filopodia formation and may have a antidepressive-like neuroprotecive effect. 2. Theory study: We explained the clinical symptoms showed in the syndromes of deficiency of kidney-Yang and deficiency of kidney-Yin with modern scientific technical terms. Moreover, we supposed the location of kidney of traditional Chinese medicine may be in the hippocampus but not in the hypothalamus, which is also the centre of learning and memory.

鹿茸有效成分能够拮抗皮质酮诱导的神经细胞凋亡，其机制与影响钙信号途径、促进神经递质释放有关，鹿茸有效成分还能促进神经细胞丝状伪足生长，并且可能具有抗抑郁药样的神经保护作用。2、理论研究：用现代科学语言对肾阳虚证和肾阴虚证临床症状的病理生理机制进行合理的解释，提出中医肾脑相关理论实质假说，推测补肾中药的调控点应当在下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴的高级中枢海马，而非下丘脑。

The process of the growth and morphology of the neurons were observed under phase contrast microscope in vitro.

倒置相差显微镜进行神经元形态学观察，中性红比色法和MTT法测定神经细胞的存活数量和活性，TBARS法和BCA法分别测定神经细胞中丙二醛的水平和总蛋白合成的能力。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。