神经细胞

Neural cell adhesion molecule L1, discovered in the 80s, is one of the matters that can promote nerve regeneration. It can mediate the interaction of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix, take great efforts on neurite outgrowth and fasciculation, migration of neural cells, formation of the myelin, structure of neural trace, transmembrane signal transduction, inhibiting apoptosis of neural cells, even on immune system and formation of the tumor. Li is discovered on the mouse's Cerebellar membrane primarily. Thereafter, it also is found in post- mitotic neurons, pre- and non-myelinating Schwann cells and so on.

神经细胞粘附分子L1（L1）是80年代发现的具有促进神经再生作用的物质，它能介导神经细胞与神经细胞之间的粘附，在神经轴突的生长、聚集，神经细胞的转移，纤维髓鞘的形成，神经通路的构建及信号的转导，抑制神经细胞的凋亡甚至在免疫系统、肿瘤的发生等方面均具有非常重要的作用。L1最初是从小鼠的小脑膜中发现，后来发现在有丝分裂后的神经元，髓鞘形成前及非形成髓鞘的雪旺细胞等组织中同样存在。

The table of contents include 15 parts, early events in neural development; neuronal differentiation; pattern and positional information; movement and migration of neurons; axon outgrowth and the generation of stereotyped nerve patterns; neuronal death during development; trophic effects of targets on neurons; long-term effects of neurons on their targets; formation of synapses; selective synaptic connections; the molecular basis of neuronal recognition; rearrangement of developing neuronal connections; maintenance and modifiability of synapses; the development of behavior; principles of neural development.

内容包括15部分，早期神经发育事件；神经细胞分化；模式与位置信息；神经元运动及迁移；轴突生长与固定的神经模式的形成；发育过程中的神经细胞死亡；对神经细胞靶向的营养效应；神经细胞对它们靶向的长期效应；突触形成；选择突触连结；神经细胞识别的分子基础；发育过程中神经细胞连结的重置；突触保持和改变；行为发育；神经发育原理。

Furthermore, ed embryo exhibit extra C.N.S. and P.N.S. neurons. Ed also serves in Drosophila eye development and mesothoracic bristle development. Photoreceptor cells of the ommatidium and bristles are sensory nerves. We suggest that Ed might meditate the development of the nervous tissues.

此外，ed mutant胚胎有过多的中枢以及周边神经细胞生成，Ed亦参予在果蝇复眼发育以及背板刚毛的形成过程，果蝇复眼感光细胞以及刚毛均为周边神经细胞，显示Ed对於神经细胞生成具有某种程度的影响。

The results revealed that the volume, density and gray cell coefficientof nucleus sensorius n trigemini are the largest (10.36mm~3, 32×10~3/mm~3,29.08), but the mean of the size of its neuron perikaryon is the smal...

抽样测定了舌下神经核、展神经核、滑车与动眼神经核、面神经核、三叉神经运动核和三叉神经感觉核的神经核体积、神经细胞数和神经细胞大小，计算出各核的神经细胞密度、各类细胞的百分数和灰质细胞系数，并进行了讨论。

Results: The differentiated neuron appeared different patterns of amitotic figures such as transverse sever, longitudinal split, etc. The proliferating neurons divided in an asymmetric way morphologically and chemically. The differentiated neuron appeared an obvious movement of cell migration and neurite extension.

结果：培养分化的神经细胞呈现横裂、纵裂等不同方式的无丝分裂像；分裂中的神经细胞可呈现形态及化学不对称性；分化的神经细胞有明显的细胞迁徙运动和突起延伸。

Previousstudies have shown, however, that early postnatal cortical astroglia in culturecan be reprogrammed to adopt a neuronal fate after forced expression of Pax6, aembryonic corticogenesis. Here we show that also the proneural genes neurogenin-2

通过在定时显微镜下对这一转变过程进行时实观察，他们发现胶质细胞在呈现一般的神经细胞形状之前，需要几天的程序调整时间，而新生的神经细胞还具有一般神经细胞典型的电生理特性。

Conlusions:Above results suggest: the main mechanisms of Tau preventing cytoxicity against Mn were of declining Mn-induced apoptotic effects, protecting DNA damage and declining free Ca2+ concentrtion in cytoplastic of neurons.

实验结果提示牛磺酸干预锰神经细胞毒性的机理，主要包括降低锰对神经细胞凋亡的诱导作用、对锰造成的神经细胞DNA损伤有明显的保护作用，明显降低锰造成的培养神经细胞升高的钙离子浓度。

Detecting indexes as flowing: the morphological changes of neurons, the apoptotic morphology and ratio, DNA damage of neurons and the free Ca2+ concentration in cytoplastic. All the results were analysised with SPSS statistical microsoftware.

检测指标如下：神经细胞形态学改变、神经细胞凋亡的形态学变化及凋亡率、神经细胞DNA损伤，神经细胞胞浆游离钙离子浓度，以SPSS统计软件进行处理。

We are interested in the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal migration and our work published in 1999 indicates that there are diffusible molecules in the brain which can guide the direction of migrating neurons; specifically, a secreted protein called Slit is repulsive to neurons and its concentration gradient guides neuronal migration.

我们在分子水平对这个问题进行了研究。1999年发表的结果给出这样一个答案：脑内存在导向性分子，可以指导神经细胞的迁移方向；具体的发现是，一个叫Slit的分泌性蛋白质，对神经细胞有排斥性作用，它的浓度梯度指导神经细胞迁移的方向。

Transplantation of motoneurons derived from MASH1-transfected mouse ES cells reconstitutes neural networks and improves motor function in hemiplegic mice.

ES细胞向神经细胞分化的研究有利于人们了解胚胎神经细胞发育的机制、发现ES细胞向神经细胞分化的关键调节基因；建立体外定向诱导神经细胞分化体系将为神经疾病治疗药物的筛选以及基因工程药物的开发等提供有用的材料；体外大量有功能的特定神经元的获得使神经再生医学正一步步从理论走向实践。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。