神经突

Furthermore, abnormal morphology, shrinkage and reduced density of dendritic spines and defects in LTP were observed in brains of the patients suffering from mental retardation and neurodegenerative diseases; many mutant genes found from these patients encode component proteins of signal transduction for neuronal plasticity. These studies on synaptic plasticity would certainly promote making the effective prevention and treatment procedures for mental and neurodegenerative diseases.

此外，在精神迟滞性疾病和神经退行性疾病患者脑内记录到异常的LTP，并发现神经元的树突棘数量减少，形态上产生畸变或萎缩，同时发现，产生突变的基因大多编码调节突触可塑性的信号通路蛋白，故突触可塑性研究也将促进精神和神经疾病的预防和治疗。

The lesion, the changes of activity of cholinesterase and acid phosphatase of motor neurons in lateral nucleus of spinal cord anterior horn, the function of axoplasm transportation and nerve conduction, the regeneration of axons and myelin sheath, and the recovery of sciatic nerve function were examined at 7, 14, 30 and 90 days intervals after operation, using Nissl and enzyme histochemistry staining, electrophysiological technique, hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase retrograde trace method, axon image analysis, and measurement of sciatic function index. The spinal cord anterior horn of injury side was compared to the correspondence region of spinal cord.

分别于术后7、14、30和90d应用酶组织化学方法、电生理方法、HRP （hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase）逆行示踪方法、轴突图象分析方法以及坐骨神经功能指数（sciatic nerve function index，SFI）测量等方法检测坐骨神经损伤后对应脊髓神经元的存活率、神经元胞体酶系变化、损伤神经在轴浆运输、电传导以及轴突、髓鞘再生等方面的恢复情况，探索外周神经损伤后OECs及几丁质对神经元的保护作用以及对新生神经功能恢复的作用，为外周神经损伤的治疗提供新的理论基础。

By using freshly isolated SD rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes and KC1 as chemical stimulant to depolarize, we studied the effects of etomidate on KCl-induced increased intrasynaptosomal calcium concentrations, voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes on presynaptic membrane and neurotransmitters release from synaptosomes respectively, via neurochemical and inverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic methods.

我们利用SD大鼠新鲜分离的大脑皮层突触体作为研究对象，以KCl作为化学刺激剂去极化，采用神经化学方法(Fura-2作为钙离子指示剂)和高效液相测定法，分别就依托咪酯对去极化诱发突触体内钙离子浓度升高的影响，突触体膜上电压门控性钙通道亚型的作用以及由此引起的对神经递质释放的影响进行了实验研究。

A new antibody releasing system has been developed by covalently attachingIgG to the biodegradable hyaluronic acid hydrogel via the hydrolyticallyunstable hydrazone linkage, aiming to deliver the antibody of CNS regenerationinhibitors to the injured brain. Furthermore, pH sensitive linkage-hydrozone has beenformed between hydrogel and antibody.

这一将该材料植入成年缺损大鼠的大脑皮层后，该材料具有良好的神经相容性，能够抑制胶质瘢痕的形成，并能诱导神经胶质细胞的迁移进入材料，为轴突的再生提供良好的生物为环境，促进神经轴突长入将改性后的水凝胶。

Nerve impulse is conducted from one neuron to another neuron. The chernical synapse is composed of three

突触前份、突触后份和突触间隙组成，传导神经冲动的化学物质称为神经递质。

The pituitary gland consists of neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis. Two types of pituicytes and three types of neurosecretory fibers (A1, A2 and B) have been recognized in neurohypophysis. The neurosecretory terminals contain different diameters and shape of secretory granules.

脑垂体由神经垂体和腺垂体2部分组成神经垂体组织中存在2种类型的脑垂体细胞，并可以区分A1型、A2型和B型3种类型的神经分泌纤维，其终端轴突中具有不同直径和形态的分泌颗粒；B型纤维轴突中含有许多透明小囊泡。

The knowledge of relationship between cutaneous nerves and veins in the dorsal of hand could help us to reduce the pain of patients during venepuncture.

①由尺骨茎突、桡骨茎突和第三掌骨头形成的三角形区域为"乏神经区"；②由尺骨茎突至第3、4指蹼和由桡骨茎突至第1、2、3指蹼的连线为掌背皮神经的体表投影；③注意这些解剖学关系，在静脉穿刺时可减少病人痛苦。

Methods: Based on the theory of "kidney produces sui", we set up MCAO rat model. Five indexes including Nestin, PSA-NCAM, MAP-2, GAP-43 and SYN38 were measured in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods to evaluate the effects of Fujian Tablet on the proliferation, migration, differentiation of neural stem cells, axonal growth and synapse formation. Other two indexes including trk-B, NOGO-A were used to assess the effects on the neurotropic factor and inhibitory factor.

以&肾生髓&的理论为依据，以MCAO大鼠为实验对象，利用原位杂交技术和免疫组织化学方法，分别以nestin、PSA-NCAM、MAP-2、GAP-43、突触素p38为指标，观察复健片对神经干细胞增殖、迁移、分化、轴突生长、突触形成的影响；分别以trk-B、NOGO-A为指标，观察复健片对神经生长营养因子、抑制因子的影响。

While the tissue spaces surrounding a few blood vessels wasAl and Fg positive,no Al or Fg positive cells were observed.In antemortem injurygroup,diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage,cerebral edema,swelling or pyknotic neu-rons could be observed.The axons showed irregular swelling and disconnection at1～3h,marked swelling and disconnection at 6h,and retraction ball at 15h whichwas more remarkable at 24h after injury.The space between myelin sheaths andaxons was increased at 3～6h after injury.Tortuous and wavelike myelin sheathswhich adhered on axons incompletely,or even peeled off could be found from 15hto 24h after injury.Perinuclear lysis of Nissl bodies began at 24h after injury.Thenumber of GFAP positive cells in cerebrum and brain-stem increased significantlyfollowed by decrease,and then increased again,but the time courses of the changesin different areas of brain were not same.Al and Fg positive neural cells,mainlysurrounded blood vessels,with diffuse or peripherally distributed positive matter incytoplasm could be observed at 0.5h after injury.The number of Al or Fg positivecells and the intensity of immunoreaction increased with the time of injury.The areaof SYN positivity in medulla oblongata and pons decreased notably 3～6h afterinjury,then return to normal levels and continued to 24h after injury.

生前损伤组，可见广泛蛛网膜下腔出血，脑组织水肿，神经细胞肿胀，晚期神经元固缩；伤后1～3h见部分神经轴突不规则增粗、断裂，伤后6h断端膨大，伤后15h可见收缩球，至伤后24h更为明显；伤后3～6h可见部分神经髓鞘与轴突之间的间隙增宽，伤后15h髓鞘明显曲折，不完全附着在轴突两侧，甚至剥脱，持续到伤后24h；核周尼氏体减少在伤后24h才开始出现；同一部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目随损伤时间发生改变，先增多（最早在伤后0.5h），达到高峰后减少，其后又有增多趋势，但不同部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目增减的时间过程不尽相同，同时，大脑中的GFAP阳性细胞数目也有改变；伤后0.5h，可在脑干组织中见到Al和Fg阳性神经细胞，主要位于血管周围，阳性物在胞浆中呈弥散性分布，但部分细胞的阳性物仅分布于靠近胞膜的胞浆中而呈环状，随损伤时间延长，阳性细胞数目增多，反应强度增加；伤后3～6h，延髓及桥脑中的SYN阳性物面积减少，其后恢复到正常水平，并持续到伤后24h。

All the indexes were tested in 2 -. 4 .. 6 weeks of operative intervals respectively. Results:(1) The general observation in the experimental group ,such as spirit, hair, body weight and activity ,was superior to that in the control group.(2) The recovery rate of sciatic nerve functional index (SF1) was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group .(3) electrophysciological indexes: m the experimental group ,the tardy rate of induced motorius action potential ,recovery rates of the amplitude of compound muscle action potential and twitch tension and tetanic tension of triceps surae muscle ,were significantly higher than in the control group.(4) Compared with the control group ,the triceps surae muscle wet weight was significantly greater in the experimental group.(5) histomorphological indexes: the count of myelinated nerve fibers ,diameter of regenerated axon, thickness of nerve myelin sheath and area of capillary were much more in the experimental group than in the control group.(6) observation of ultrastructure with the transmission election microscope: more abundant organell a and maturer myelin sheath lay in the injured peripheral nerve of the experimental group, while not lay in the control group.

分别在木后第2、4、6周时进行各项指标的检测，结果发现：（1）实验组SD大鼠在整个实验过程中，其精神、毛发、体重，运动灵活性等一般情况优于对照组；（2）实验组的坐骨神经功能指数恢复率显著优于对照组，P＜0.01；（3）神经电生理指标：实验组运动神经诱发电位潜伏期的延迟率显著优于对照组，P＜0.05；复合肌肉动作电位振幅的恢复率显著高于对照组，两组比较第2周时P＜0.01，第4、6周时，P＜0.05；小腿三头肌单收缩力和强直收缩力的恢复率实验组显著高于对照组，P＜0.01；（4）小腿三头肌湿重的恢复率，第2、4周时实验组高于对照组，差异非常显著，P＜0.01；第6周时，差异仍显著，P＜0.05；（5）组织形态学指标：有髓种经轴突计数、再生轴突直径的恢复率，毛细血管面积，实验组均显著大于对照组，P＜0.01、P＜0.05、P＜0.001；实验组髓鞘厚度的恢复率也显著高于对照组，第2周时P＜0.01，第4、6周时，P＜0.05；（6）透射电镜超微结构观察：实验组再生轴突中细胞器丰富，髓鞘结构成熟，神经再生情况优于对照纽。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。