神经瘤

Hybrid schwannoma/perineuriomas have no evident association with neurofibromatosis and rarely recur. The pathogenetic basis of the dual pattern of differentiation in these lesions remains poorly understood at this time.

混合性神经鞘瘤/神经束膜瘤与神经纤维瘤病无明显关系，且罕有复发，其瘤组织双重分化的发生机制目前仍不清楚。

A total of 150 mesenchymal neoplasms of the GI tract, abdominal cavity, and retroperitoneum were retrieved from consult and surgical pathology archives, including 54 GISTs (8 KIT-negative; 13 desmin-positive), 17 GI leiomyosarcomas, 11 GI mural leiomyomas, 13 leiomyomas of the muscularis mucosae, 12 gastric schwannomas, 15 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, 9 cases of mesenteric desmoid fibromatosis, 10 dedifferentiated liposarcomas, and 9 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

我们从会诊病例及活检病例中找出150例间叶性肿瘤（来自胃肠道、腹腔和后腹膜），其中包括54例GISTs（8例KIT阴性、13例desmin阳性）、17例GI道平滑肌肉瘤、11例GI道肌壁间平滑肌瘤、13例GI道粘膜肌层平滑肌瘤、12例胃的神经鞘瘤、15例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤、9例肠系膜韧带样纤维瘤、10例去分化型脂肪肉瘤和9例恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤。

The attenuation values at unenhanced and enhanced CT of the tumor were also recorded. Results The 32 cases adrenal neoplasms included 9 cases with aldosterone-producing adenoma, 5 hydrocortisone-producing adenomas, 1non-functional adenoma, 5 cortical hyperplasies,4 pheochromocytomas,2 adenocarcinomas, 3 metastases, 1 fibroneuroma, 1 ganglioneuroma and 1 myelolipomas. Conclusion The characteristics on CT images are associated with the pathological feature in adrenal neoplasms.

结果 醛固酮腺瘤9例，体积较小且密度低，增强后轻度增强；皮质醇腺瘤5例，瘤体较大，边界清，密度略低于正常肾上腺组织；无功腺瘤1例；结节增生5例，为等或稍低密度影，增强后强化较明显；嗜铬细胞瘤4例，体积较大，密度不均，可见多个囊变坏死区；皮质腺癌2例，肿块形态不规则，边缘模糊，密度不均匀，易发生大片坏死及点状钙化；转移瘤3例；神经纤维瘤、神经节瘤及髓性脂肪瘤各1例。

In particular,peripheral contrast enhancement with separations of an intradural extramedullaty tumor on MRI will suggest the diagnosis of schwannoma.

椎管内髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤的MRI特征，有助于椎管肿瘤的鉴别诊断，尤其是伴有瘤内分隔性周围强化，应提示神经鞘瘤。

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neurulation; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经脊；神经板；底板；神经管；轴索；神经胚形成；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管缺陷；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Results: Although most cases (11/16) were typical and clearly classified on MRI, atypical cases were also observed, such as meningioma of long T1/T2 signal intensity with small cystic foci, and neurinoma of iso intensity and homogenous enhancement without cystic change or enlargement of internal acoustic meatus.

结果：尽管多数神经鞘瘤(5/8)和脑膜瘤(6/8)具有典型的MRI表现特征并仅经MRI即可得到正确鉴别，但部分病例(5/16)为不典型表现者，如脑膜瘤呈长T1长T2信号并伴有囊变，以及神经鞘瘤呈等信号、均匀强化且不伴有囊变或内听道扩大者，鉴别诊断困难。

PPO gene was not detected in the multiple myelome、 malignant fibrous histiocytoma 、malignant lymphoma、malignant neurosarcoma、solitary plasmacytoma of bone、primitive neuroectodermal tumors、lipoma、 osteosarcoma and sarcoenchondroma.

PPO基因在多发性骨髓瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、恶性淋巴瘤、恶性神经肉瘤、孤立性浆细胞肉瘤、原始神经外胚瘤、脂肪瘤、骨及软骨肉瘤等肿瘤中没有表达。在骨巨细胞瘤中有微弱表达。

The St. Jude team first determined that CSCs are located in ascular niches by identifying cells carrying a protein called Nestin that marks stem cells (Nestin+ cells) in four types of brain cancer remoed from patients: medulloblastoma, ependymoma,oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma.

圣犹达研究组研究了病人的四种脑肿瘤：成神经管细胞瘤、室管膜细胞瘤、少突神经胶质瘤和成胶质细胞瘤，通过鉴别名为Nestin的蛋白来识别肿瘤干细胞，第一个验证了肿瘤干细胞存在于血管性的微环境中。

Results The supratentorial lesions involved the occipital lobe in 4, frontal lobe in 3, fronto-occipital lobe in 2, temporo-occipital lobe in 3, lateral ventricle in 1 case and the saddle region in 1. All the lesions were large in volume and most of them presented heterogeneous signals in MRI. Of the 14 cases, 12 showed cystic degeneration and necrosis, 2 had hemorrhage and 6 showed signs of emptied small blood vessels. Twelve cases had heterogeneous enhancement and 2 had moderate enhancement. Pathologically, 10 cases of neuroblastomas were identified, along with 3 ganglioneuroblastomas and 1 atypical rhabdoid tumor.

结果 病灶位于顶叶4例，额叶3例，枕顶叶2例，颞枕叶3例，侧脑室1例，鞍区1例，病灶普遍较大，病灶绝大多数信号不均匀，病灶内可见囊变／坏死（12例）、出血（2例）、流空小血管影（6例），增强后病灶呈明显不均匀强化（12例），中等强化2例；神经母细胞瘤10例，节细胞神经母细胞瘤3例，非典型横纹肌样瘤1例。

Benign nerve sheath tumors include neurofibromas, schwannomas, and perineuriomas.

良性神经鞘膜肿瘤包括神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤和神经束膜瘤。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。